Dynamics of Defensive Response Mobilization to Approaching External Versus Interoceptive Threat

Krause, Elischa; Benke, Christoph; Koenig, Julian; Thayer, Julian F.; Hamm, Alfons O.; Pané-Farré, Christiane A.

doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.12.002

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…This pattern of defensive responses was remarkably similar to the response profile observed in the defense cascade study by Löw and coworkers (), when individuals had the option to actively avoid the imminent threat (see Figure , right). These findings were replicated and extended in a more recent study in which we used the same experimental approach developed by Löw et al () but included, in addition to the threat of pain, a third condition of respiratory threat (Krause et al, ). During respiratory threat, a different symbol signaled the occurrence of a forced breath‐holding period (by closing the inspiratory port; see Krause et al, , for more methodological details) set at the end of expiration of the first breathing cycle after the most proximal cue.…”

Section: Translation To the Clinicsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…These findings were replicated and extended in a more recent study in which we used the same experimental approach developed by Löw et al () but included, in addition to the threat of pain, a third condition of respiratory threat (Krause et al, ). During respiratory threat, a different symbol signaled the occurrence of a forced breath‐holding period (by closing the inspiratory port; see Krause et al, , for more methodological details) set at the end of expiration of the first breathing cycle after the most proximal cue. Again, the color of the frame signaled whether an escape route was available.…”

Section: Translation To the Clinicsupporting

confidence: 64%

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Fear, anxiety, and their disorders from the perspective of psychophysiology

Hamm

2019

Psychophysiology

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Psychophysiology is a central hub connecting neurobiological and behavioral domains with clinical science, thus providing ideal tools for increasing the understanding of mental disorders beyond the level of symptom reports. The present article provides an overview of how psychophysiological research can contribute toward efforts directed at an improved understanding of anxiety disorders. Starting with the behavioral domain, it is demonstrated that defensive behaviors are fundamental to anxiety disorders and that these behaviors are dynamically organized depending upon the proximity of a specific threat. The next section reviews neural networks that are activated during the encoding of threat-relevant information and during the organization of the cascade of defensive responses, including how passive avoidance might be conceptualized within a neurobehavioral framework. The last section addresses the translation of these behavioral and neuronal findings from experimental psychopathology research to clinical populations. Finally, evidence is presented to support how behavioral approaches may be helpful in predicting treatment outcomes.

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Section: Translation To the Clinicsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Translation To the Clinicsupporting

confidence: 64%

Fear, anxiety, and their disorders from the perspective of psychophysiology

Hamm

2019

Psychophysiology

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“…A key aspect in discerning clinical efficacy of any perturbation may be the extent to which the patient perceives controllability over the intervention and is willing/able to surrender this parameter in treatment. Interventions in which escape or active avoidance behaviors are directly measurable may provide especially meaningful information ( 134 ).…”

Section: Psychopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap

participants

2018

Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging

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Interoception refers to the process by which the nervous system senses, interprets, and integrates signals originating from within the body, providing a moment-by-moment mapping of the body’s internal landscape across conscious and unconscious levels. Interoceptive signaling has been considered a component process of reflexes, urges, feelings, drives, adaptive responses, and cognitive and emotional experiences, highlighting its contributions to the maintenance of homeostatic functioning, body regulation, and survival. Dysfunction of interoception is increasingly recognized as an important component of different mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, addictive disorders, and somatic symptom disorders. However, a number of conceptual and methodological challenges have made it difficult for interoceptive constructs to be broadly applied in mental health research and treatment settings. In November 2016, the Laureate Institute for Brain Research organized the first Interoception Summit, a gathering of interoception experts from around the world, with the goal of accelerating progress in understanding the role of interoception in mental health. The discussions at the meeting were organized around four themes: interoceptive assessment, interoceptive integration, interoceptive psychopathology, and the generation of a roadmap that could serve as a guide for future endeavors. This review article presents an overview of the emerging consensus generated by the meeting.

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“…To better understand how associative learning can modulate the occurrence of panic attacks, it is likely more fruitful to search for laboratory paradigms that generate and measure CRs that can be mapped onto the action-oriented, circa-strike mode of the defensive cascade. Interesting candidate CRs are an inhibition of the startle reflex, hyperventilation, and an increased cardiorespiratory activation (Krause et al, 2018;Löw, Weymar, & Hamm, 2015;Van Diest et al, 2009;Van Diest, Proot et al, 2001;.…”

Section: Conditioned Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Interoception, conditioning, and fear: The panic threesome

Diest

2019

Psychophysiology

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The present article aims to illustrate and review evidence on how associative learning involving interoceptive stimuli (interoceptive conditioning) can lead to changes in physiological, emotional, and perceptual outcomes. We first outline a functional perspective on Pavlovian conditioning and provide a general introduction and historical background on interoceptive conditioning as a special instance of Pavlovian conditioning. Next, biological and learning accounts of panic disorder are discussed, followed by an analysis of which stimuli and responses may be most promising to model learning that is relevant to panic disorder. Finally, studies on interoceptive fear conditioning with respiratory stimuli are reviewed and discussed, and future directions are outlined. K E Y W O R D Sanxiety, conditioning, interoception, psychopathology, respiration, startle blink BOX 1 Six propositions a 1. Unlike the continuum of exteroceptive stimulation, which is the body material of all our conscious experiences, the continuum of interoceptive stimulation leads largely to unconscious reactions. 2. Interoceptive conditioning, whether involving conditioned or unconditioned interoceptive stimuli, is readily obtainable and is by its very nature largely unconscious in character. 3. While interoceptive conditioning is by its nature more limited than is exteroceptive conditioning with respect to total kinds and variety of stimulations, the interoceptive kinds of stimulations are, on the other hand, by their very nature much more recurrent, periodic, and organism bound, making interoceptive conditioning an almost built-in function that is constantly generated and regenerated in the very process of living and acting. 4. Interoceptive conditioning is somewhat slower in formation than is exteroceptive, but, once conditioned, it is more fixed and irreversible (less readily extinguished). 5. When equal but opposing interoceptively produced and exteroceptively produced reactions are juxtaposed, the interoceptive reactions dominate the exteroceptive ones, with the final result that preceding exteroceptive stimuli become conditioned stimuli for succeeding interoceptive reactions, whereas preceding interoceptive reactions become strengthened by exteroceptive reactions succeeding them. 6. The juxtaposition of conditioned interoceptive and exteroceptive stimuli of the same conditioned reaction, unlike similar juxtapositions of exteroceptive stimuli of different modalities, produces a certain amount of conflict and decrementation of conditioning. a (Razran, 1961, p. 97)

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Dynamics of Defensive Response Mobilization to Approaching External Versus Interoceptive Threat

Cited by 15 publications

References 80 publications

Fear, anxiety, and their disorders from the perspective of psychophysiology

Fear, anxiety, and their disorders from the perspective of psychophysiology

Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap

Interoception, conditioning, and fear: The panic threesome

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