“…Among these three definitions, the Caputo FD definition is most popular among physicists, engineers and researchers. Fractional derivative definition in the Caputo sense has been used for capturing FO dynamics in many real-world systems like predator–prey system [ 33 , 34 ], chaotic systems and maps [ 35 – 37 ], COVID-19 pandemic [ 38 ], symbiosis dynamics [ 39 ], biological systems [ 40 ], physics [ 41 ], engineering systems [ 42 ], nuclear reactor [ 43 ], anomalous diffusion [ 44 ], superdiffusive system [ 45 ], cancer [ 46 ], renewable energy systems [ 47 ], to name a few. This work also employs Caputo fractional derivative definition in all the FDE models.…”