“…The intestinal microbiome can be manipulated by dietary adjustments[37,90,252], probiotic preparations[197,253,254], supplements of vitamin A and retinoic acid[255,256], antibiotics[169,257], intestinal re-colonization[33,107,109,110], pharmacological agents that decrease intestinal permeability[258-260], molecular interventions that block TLR signaling and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines[261], molecular interventions (polysaccharide A) that stimulate anti-inflammatory responses[105,262], and short chain fatty acids that modulate signaling pathways that affect gene expression, intestinal barrier integrity, and inflammatory responses[200] (Table 3). …”