Dynamics of human flight on skis: Improvements in safety and fairness in ski jumping

Müller, Wolfram; Platzer, Dieter; Schmölzer, Bernhard

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(95)00169-7

Cited by 71 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The equipment complied with Fe´de´ration Internationale de Ski [17] specifications. The following angles determine the posture of the ski jumper (based upon Meile et al [8], Schwameder [9], and Mu¨ller et al [14,15]). The ski opening angle (l) (Figure 3) was set at 201, 251 and 301.…”

Section: Hypothetical Ski Jumper and Competition Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…V a is opposite in direction to V. a is the angle between the skis and V a [15]. a 0 represents equilibrium for longitudinal oscillatory motion [10], and the stall angle (a ST ) is the angle beyond which lift declines (based on Kermode [1] and Bertin [12]).…”

Section: Definitions Of Aerodynamic Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hip angle (b) was held at 01 (based on the wind tunnel database of Seo et al [10]), and the arm abduction angle was constant at 101 (arms held to the sides of the body). Simulation of competition levels incorporated freestream air velocities (V a ) of 20 m/s (typical at takeoff in medium jumping hills), 25 m/s (large hills) and 30 m/s (ski flying hills) [15][16][17]. Air density (r) was assumed to be 1.18 kg/m 3 [10], and air temperature (T) 01C.…”

Section: Hypothetical Ski Jumper and Competition Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reynolds number (Re) was approximated using Equation 7 [12,23]. Flight trajectory was computed using equations of motion for the ski jumper (Equations 8 and 9 [14][15][16]), and a fourthorder Runge-Kutta iterative method at 0.001-s intervals [24,25]. It was assumed that the athlete maintained aerodynamic posture from 0.6 s after takeoff to just before landing [8] and sustained trimmed flight for each posture (see Table 1).…”

Section: Calculation Of Aerodynamic Parameters Flight Trajectory Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanics of flight in ski jumping: aerodynamic stability in pitch

Marques-Bruna

Grimshaw

2009

Sports Technol.

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This study examines aerodynamic stability in pitch in ski jumping. Static stability implies automatic return to trimmed flight after a sudden disturbance and dynamic stability involves gradual damping of oscillatory motion. Both have implications for flight control and safety. A 3-D inertia model of a ski jumper and the Planica K185 jumping hill profile were constructed using computer-aided design. Inertia, jump performance, and aerodynamic efficiency and stability parameters were computed for variations in V-style posture using mathematical modeling. Pitching moment at a 01 angle of attack was positive, and the condition dM/dao0 at equilibrium was satisfied, indicating that the athlete is inherently stable. Enhanced flight posture consists of a ski-opening angle of 301 and a forwardleaning angle of 101. This is a high-lift configuration with a large static margin that triggers a steep dM/da slope and high oscillatory frequency upon deviations from trimmed attitude. Mechanisms of stability in pitch are proposed, founded upon theoretical aerodynamics. r

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Section: Hypothetical Ski Jumper and Competition Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Definitions Of Aerodynamic Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypothetical Ski Jumper and Competition Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Calculation Of Aerodynamic Parameters Flight Trajectory Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanics of flight in ski jumping: aerodynamic stability in pitch

Marques-Bruna

Grimshaw

2009

Sports Technol.

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“…Müller et al 9) measured the aerodynamic force of a worldclass ski jumper in various flight positions using wind tunnel testing. They deduced highly reliable mapping results from field tests performed during the World Championships in the Ski Flying 1994 at Planica (Slovenia).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerodynamic Analysis on Postures of Ski Jumpers during Flight using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Ryu

Cho

2015

Trans. Japan Soc. Aero. S Sci.

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The aerodynamic characteristics of a ski jumper model in various postures are analyzed using a commercial computational fluid dynamics tool. The purpose of this study is to understand the aerodynamic characteristics of ski jumping. The range of flying postures for ski jumpers is determined as widely as possible to simulate the optimal flight position of ski jumpers. The computational results are in good agreement with experimental results. The aerodynamic characteristics are influenced by the hip and body angles of the ski jumper model during the flight. The lift-to-drag ratio of ski jumpers is increased as hip angle increases. However, as the hip angle increases, the region of the angle of attack becomes restricted for stable flight. The augmentation of the body angle can enhance the most favorable angle of attack, because the body angle is likely to result in a cambered airfoil. In conclusion, the ski jumper should maintain a high hip angle with an angle of attack that stabilizes the flight condition, to improve flight distance.

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Determinants of Successful Ski‐Jumping Performance

Komi¹,

Virmavirta²

2000

Biomechanics in Sport

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Dynamics of human flight on skis: Improvements in safety and fairness in ski jumping

Cited by 71 publications

References 6 publications

Mechanics of flight in ski jumping: aerodynamic stability in pitch

Mechanics of flight in ski jumping: aerodynamic stability in pitch

Aerodynamic Analysis on Postures of Ski Jumpers during Flight using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Determinants of Successful Ski‐Jumping Performance

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