Dynamics of quasi-geostrophic systems with cumulus convection

Abstract

The dynamic effects of a cumulus ensemble on a quasi-geostrophic weather system in the midlatitude region are examined, in addition to the heating due to release of latent heat. It has been found that the effects of the eddy vertical advection of momentum, and the eddy dynamic pressure due to the eddy kinetic energy associated with cumulus clouds are rather small. The only important dynamic effect comes from the ability of clouds to produce a horizontal eddy flux of vertical vorticity. In the momentum equation, this effect appears in the form of an eddy Coriolis force, which may be obtained from the horizontal eddy vorticity flux by rotating it by 90" clockwise. In the vorticity equation, it appears in the form of generation of positive vorticity by convective elements in the lower levels, and generation of negative vorticity in the upper levels.Using Ekman-layer pumping theory as the closure condition, the effects of cumulus convection on baroclinic instability are investigated. It has been found that the growth rate of a baroclinically unstable wave is increased appreciably by the cloud scale processes.Tellus 34 (1982), 1 0040-2826/82/010063-11%02.50/0 0 1982 Munksgaard, Copenhagen

On the dynamics of mid-latitude synoptic systems with intense cumulus convection

“…Some evidence for the dynamical importance of convection comes from kinetic energy budget studies (e.g., Vincent and Schlatter, 1979). It has also been suggested by Yip and Cho (1982; hereafter referred to as YC) that the dynamical effects of clouds may be important for quasi-geostrophic systems under certain situations. From a scale analysis of the appropriate equations, they showed that the most important dynamic effect in the large-scale vorticity arises from the divergence of the horizontal eddy flux of vorticity.…”

Evidence for the role of the diabatic heating in synoptic scale processes: a case study example

“…Precipitation forecasts are based upon the knowledge that the upward displacement of saturated air parcels will produce precipitation. A number of investigators (Yip and Cho, 1982;Chang et al, 1984;Smith et al, 1984;Smith, 1987) have produced evidence that forecast precipitation amounts and updraft strengths are considerably underestimated by dynamic models that ignore the effects of condensation occuring in synoptic scale ascent regions.…”