Dynamics of seedbank and seedling emergence of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in wheat-soybean double cropped fields:a comparison between tilled and no-till systems

Herbicides applied alone have failed to reduce weed populations in agricultural ecosystems. The use of this management strategy has followed other problems such as damage to ecosystems and organisms that live in it. Herbicide resistance in weeds has also occurred more quickly based on the application of herbicides. Today, most scientists are looking for new integrated weed management programs in agricultural ecosystems. Biological control is one of the most effective ways of weed management. In this way, living organisms are used to reduce and control weed species in arable lands. Weed seed predators, including predispersal and postdispersal predators as biological control agents, can be primary factors of weed seed mortality in agricultural ecosystems. This review has discussed factors influencing seed predator populations, activity, and granivory. Knowledge of the interrelations between factors and seed predators can contribute to designing future strategies that augment weed seed predator activity and enhance weed seed consumption as a component of an integrated weed management system.

Section: Factors Affecting Weed Seed Consumption Under Field Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Factors that influence the level of weed seed predation: A review

Sarabi

2019

“…No‐till management during summer can promote the depletion of the Italian ryegrass seed bank through rapid germination and seed predation before wheat sowing in early winter (Ichihara et al . 2009; 2010; 2011). The results of this study suggest that not only seed predation, but also seedling herbivory, can promote the mortality of Italian ryegrass.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Kobayashi & Oyanagi ; Ichihara et al . ). Many seeds of Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…), a serious weed in the wheat fields of Japan, are buried in the soil by tillage; in contrast, in no‐till fields, the seeds remain near the soil surface (Ichihara et al . ). Some (48%) of the seedlings of Italian ryegrass were shown to emerge from the soil surface (<0.5 cm depth) in a no‐till wheat field that was converted from a paddy field, whereas a large portion (84%) of the seedlings emerged from a 0.5–1.5 cm depth in a tilled field (Inagaki et al .…”

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confidence: 97%

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Weed seedling herbivory by field cricket Teleogryllus emma (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in relation to the depth of seedling emergence

Ichihara

Uchida

Fujii

et al. 2014

Self Cite

This study aimed to determine whether seedling herbivory by the field cricket, Teleogryllus emma (Ohmachi et Matsuura), promoted the mortality of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), a non‐native grass weed in Japan, whether the impact of seedling herbivory differed depending on the depth of seedling emergence and the influence of cricket density on seedling mortality. First, the seedlings at emergence depths of 0, 1 and 2 cm were exposed to the cricket for 2 days in plastic cups and the amount of seedling mortality by herbivory was calculated. The level of mortality of 60 seedlings that emerged from seeds on the soil surface was 92.4%, significantly higher than that of the seedlings that emerged from seeds at depths of 1 cm (10.8%) and 2 cm (9.6%). Second, the seedlings at the emergence depths of 0 and 1 cm were exposed to the crickets at four different densities (zero, one, two and three individuals per 5700 cm2) for 5 days in plastic containers and the amount of seedling mortality by herbivory was calculated. The level of mortality by herbivory of the seedlings that emerged from 100 seeds on the soil surface was higher (33.3–61.3%) than that of the seedlings that emerged from seeds at a depth of 1 cm (4.7–13.1%) in the containers with one‐to‐three crickets. The level of seedling mortality tended to increase with an increasing cricket density. These results suggest that seedling herbivory by crickets is an important factor in weed mortality, particularly in no‐till fields and in field margins, where the seeds are more prevalent near the soil surface.

“…The soil seed bank was estimated as the number of seeds on the ground in each treatment plot. In no‐till fields, the seeds are highly concentrated near the soil surface (Ichihara et al ). The fallen seeds were collected by using a vacuum machine (EUB 4250; Makita Corporation, Anjo, Japan) with an air suction nozzle diameter of 12 cm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved physical control of glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) on rice paddy levees in Japan

Handayani

Tanno

Yamashita

et al. 2017

Self Cite

Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a non‐native annual winter grass that has seriously infested rice paddy levees and wheat fields in Japan. Recently, glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass was found on paddy levees in central Japan, thereby making control of the grass by using glyphosate less effective. In this study, physical control methods were tested that combined the timing and frequency of mowing in order to more effectively control glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass on rice paddy levees. A 3 year field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2014 in a western region of Shizuoka Prefecture, where glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass has become dominant. Five treatments were tested: (i) mowing once before the flowering of the grass (i.e. conventional mowing measure); (ii) mowing once during flowering; (iii) mowing twice during flowering; (iv) glyphosate application before flowering (i.e. one of the conventional mowing measures); and (v) no treatment. The above‐ground biomass, seed production, soil seed bank and seedling occurrence of Italian ryegrass were measured to determine the effectiveness of these treatments. Mowing during the flowering period resulted in reduced above‐ground biomass, seed production and soil seed bank when compared with the other treatments. Additionally, mowing twice during the flowering period resulted in a lower seedling density than mowing once. The results suggest that, in this region, physical control by mowing during the flowering period would be more effective than conventional measures for controlling glyphosate‐resistant Italian ryegrass.