Dynamics of vector rogue waves in a fiber laser with a ring cavity

Kolpakov, Stanislav A.; Kbashi, Hani J.; Sergeyev, Sergey

doi:10.1364/optica.3.000870

Cited by 44 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…A comparison of our results to those for slow and fast rogue waves revealed that the rogue waves we observed were the result of a different underlying mechanism. Slow rogue waves emerge because of the gain nonlinearities and are observed at time scales from seconds to milliseconds [22][23][24][25][26], whereas our rogue waves were shorter by at least 9 orders of magnitude. Fast rogue waves emerge because of soliton-soliton interaction and are observed close to the laser threshold [24,[27][28][29], whereas the maximum number of rogue waves in our study was measured at a pump power that was three times the lasing threshold.…”

Section: Methods and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Slow rogue waves are generated from the gain nonlinearity under pump modulation, which leads to hopping between two attractors according to the laser rate equations [22][23][24][25][26]. Fast rogue waves are generated from polarization instabilities and are usually attributed to soliton-soliton interactions governed by the NLSE [27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrafast rogue wave patterns in fiber lasers

Klein¹,

Masri²,

Duadi³

et al. 2018

Optica

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Fiber lasers are convenient for studying extreme and rare events, such as rogue waves, thanks to the lasers' fast dynamics. Indeed, several types of rogue wave patterns were observed in fiber lasers at different time-scales: single peak, twin peak, and triple peak. We measured the statistics of these ultrafast rogue wave patterns with a time lens and developed a numerical model proving that the patterns of the ultrafast rogue waves were generated by the non-instantaneous relaxation of the saturable absorber together with the polarization mode dispersion of the cavity. Our results indicate that the dynamics of the saturable absorber is directly related to the dynamics of ultrafast extreme events in lasers.

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Section: Methods and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast rogue wave patterns in fiber lasers

Klein¹,

Masri²,

Duadi³

et al. 2018

Optica

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“…Here, we report for the first time the observation of the soliton rain and soliton-soliton interaction that leads to the optical rogue wave emergence in a carbon nano-tube saturable absorber mode-locked fiber laser at low pump power (140mW) without pump modulation or injecting a weak signal and noise to the laser cavity. As we shown recently [5] that by tuning the interaction of two orthogonalstates of polarization (SOP) of the in-cavity birefringent and also the pump SOP whereas the polarization instability leading to the emergence of different optical RW events. The experiment setup is illustrated in Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Vector rogue waves in a carbon nanotube mode-locked fiber laser

Kbashi

Al-Araimi

Rozhin

et al. 2017

2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe &Amp; European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

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Mechanisms of rogue waves (RWs) emergence have been extensively studied in fiber lasers with nonlinearly driven cavities [1], Raman fiber amplifiers and lasers [2], and fiber lasers via modulation of the pump [3]. Previously, it has been found that RWs can be emerged because of soliton-soliton interaction through the overlapping of their tails or soliton-dispersive wave interaction. The result of these interactions is a coupling enhancement that leads to chaotic pulse bunching in the form of soliton rain at the time scale of a round-trip time in a high pump power (800 mW) [4]. Such interaction can be controlled by the pump power modulation or/and by injecting a weak seeding signal and noise. Here, we report for the first time the observation of the soliton rain and soliton-soliton interaction that leads to the optical rogue wave emergence in a carbon nano-tube saturable absorber mode-locked fiber laser at low pump power (140mW) without pump modulation or injecting a weak signal and noise to the laser cavity. As we shown recently [5] that by tuning the interaction of two orthogonalstates of polarization (SOP) of the in-cavity birefringent and also the pump SOP whereas the polarization instability leading to the emergence of different optical RW events. The experiment setup is illustrated in Fig. 1. A fiber-pigtailed 980 nm laser diode with a maximum pumping power of 300 mW was used to pump the 75cm long segment of Er-80 gain medium. All the other fibers used (17 m in total) were standard single-mode fibers (SM-28). We observed that, the dynamics and flow of solitons can be adjusted with tuning the intra-cavity polarization controller, and can also be adjusted with the pump power. With such flexibility, numerous dynamical regimes become accessible besides standard mode locking, by simply altering the orientation of the polarization controllers, among which the soliton rain dynamics have been observed in the oscilloscope traces as illustrated in Fig.2 a and d for 140 mW and 240 mW correspondingly. Probability distribution function (PDF) for both of the these regimes yield a long tail shape which is far from the normal Gaussian distribution as shown in Fig. 2b and e. We confirmed that the RW events emerged from the soliton-soliton interaction by analyzing the collecting data using the spatio-temporal map as it illustrated in Fig. 2c and f for 140 mW and 240 mW respectively. In summary, we have experimentally observed the vector nature of rogue wave patterns in the passively modelocked fiber laser based on a carbon nanotube saturable absorber. These patterns were sensitive to the pump power and the orientations of the intra-cavity PCs.

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“…At the beginning (1) the lonely RW pattern [4] and the precursor propagated through the laser cavity the NPE pattern is flat with the values close to 1. The axis labeled with R' and t' symbolize roundtrips and the time during the roundtrip after Galilean transformation [4]. In this case, only the direction along R' is invariant, hence the NPE patterns were calculated along this direction (m=4, =30).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We report an investigation of using it to characterize the uncertainty period which was observed during pulse-pulse interaction in a long ring laser resonator without a saturable absorber. These resonators, in particular, the resonator built using Er 3+ doped fiber ( Fig.1), have polarization dependent instability near the lasing threshold [4] which leads to the generation of pulses propagating with different speed, either randomly or regularly. Using this property, an investigator can observe the mechanism of the pulse-pulse interaction in detail.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in normalized permutation entropy during non-coherent pulse-pulse interaction in the laser cavity

Little

Kbashi

Kolpakov

et al. 2017

2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe &Amp; European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

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Statistically extreme events, that is to say, the events which have L-shaped probability distribution function (PDF, or in other words L-statistics) and, in particular, the rogue wave (RW) events, constitute a special family of natural phenomena. Curiously, this kind of events is more common than it is believed. It was observed that the behavior of the systems which obey L-shaped statistics is clustered. Periods of high predictability and low volatility are followed by periods of drastic changes and high volatility, for example, RWs [1], earthquakes, epileptic seizures etc. Permutation entropy (PE) is an indicator of dynamical predictability of the system [2, 3] which allows quantization of the predictability or volatility. We report an investigation of using it to characterize the uncertainty period which was observed during pulse-pulse interaction in a long ring laser resonator without a saturable absorber. These resonators, in particular, the resonator built using Er 3+ doped fiber (Fig.1), have polarization dependent instability near the lasing threshold [4] which leads to the generation of pulses propagating with different speed, either randomly or regularly. Using this property, an investigator can observe the mechanism of the pulse-pulse interaction in detail.

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Dynamics of vector rogue waves in a fiber laser with a ring cavity

Cited by 44 publications

References 19 publications

Ultrafast rogue wave patterns in fiber lasers

Ultrafast rogue wave patterns in fiber lasers

Vector rogue waves in a carbon nanotube mode-locked fiber laser

Changes in normalized permutation entropy during non-coherent pulse-pulse interaction in the laser cavity

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