“…Following that, a number of shakedown analysis methods for pavement and railway engineering problems were proposed (e.g. Ponter et al, 1985;Collins and Cliffe, 1987;Raad et al, 1988;Collins and Boulbibane, 1998;Yu and Hossain, 1998;Shiau and Yu, 2000;Yu, 2005;Boulbibane and Ponter, 2006;Li and Yu, 2006;Krabbenhøft et al, 2007;Nguyen et al, 2008;Zhao et al, 2008;Wang, 2011;Yu and Wang, 2012;Qian et al, 2017;Costa et al, 2018;Rahmani and Binesh, 2018;Wang et al, 2018a;Wang et al, 2018b;Liu et al, 2020).…”