Dysbiosis Disrupts Gut Immune Homeostasis and Promotes Gastric Diseases

Abstract

Perturbation in the microbial population/colony index has harmful consequences on human health. Both biological and social factors influence the composition of the gut microbiota and also promote gastric diseases. Changes in the gut microbiota manifest in disease progression owing to epigenetic modification in the host, which in turn influences differentiation and function of immune cells adversely. Uncontrolled use of antibiotics, chemotherapeutic drugs, and any change in the diet pattern usually contribute to the changes in the colony index of sensitive strains known to release microbial content in the tissue micromilieu. Ligands released from dying microbes induce Toll-like receptor (TLR) mimicry, skew hypoxia, and cause sterile inflammation, which further contributes to the severity of inflammatory, autoimmune, and tumorous diseases. The major aim and scope of this review is both to discuss various modalities/interventions across the globe and to utilize microbiota-based therapeutic approaches for mitigating the disease burden.

Microbiota and Lung Cancer. Opportunities and Challenges for Improving Immunotherapy Efficacy

“…Intestinal dysbiosis leads to perturbation of gut immune homeostasis favoring the development of inflammatory processes and even tumoral processes (30,57). The permeability of the epithelial barriers, like intestinal and respiratory tract, is closely related to the luminal content and the interaction with the microbiota.…”

“…The gut microbiota gives the major contribution to human microbiota and comprises about 3 × 10 13 bacterial cells, followed by the skin, which is estimated to harbor ~10 12 bacteria ( 28 ). Accordingly, the intestinal microbiota and its role in regulating host metabolism and gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases such as gastric cancer ( 29 , 30 ), inflammatory bowel disease (a risk factor for colorectal cancer), diabetes, and obesity ( 31 – 33 ) is the most studied so far. However, recent findings indicate that other microbial populations in the body like lungs are very important in keeping tissue homeostasis and contribute to diseases like asthma, COPD or lung cancer ( 27 ).…”

The Effects of Low-Nickel Diet Combined with Oral Administration of Selected Probiotics on Patients with Systemic Nickel Allergy Syndrome (SNAS) and Gut Dysbiosis

“…In addition, several other phyla, including the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Archaea, Eukarya, and others, are found to be part of the human gastrointestinal microbiome. Gut microbiota imbalance has been mainly associated with the decline in Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and an increase in detrimental microbes [17].…”

Editorial of Special Issue “The Interplay of Microbiome and Immune Response in Health and Diseases”

“…This is crucially important when designing new therapies, including surgery and radiotherapy, aiming to restore the damaged microbiome during assessment of their impact on a patient’s health. This concept is extensively covered by Toor et al [7] in which the authors stressed their concerns on the impact of the microbiome on the uncontrolled use of antibiotics (which is also a current major concern for the Public Health Authorities), chemotherapeutic drugs, or even changes in dietary patterns. The authors not only summarized state-of-the-art strategies to study gut microbiomes, but they also included new strategies to manage dysbiosis through diet, bile acids, and immune pharmaceutics.…”

“…However, the scenario gets more complex when considering the connections established by distant organs, such as gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT, explained by Toor et al [7]) or the gut-liver axis reviewed by Milosevic et al [9]. Milosevic et al evaluated another GM aspect, the so called “gut-liver axis”, which has attracted great attention in recent years.…”