Dysfunctional Immunity and Microbial Adhesion Molecules in Smoking-induced Pneumonia

Eapen, Mathew Suji; Sharma, Pawan; Moodley, Yuben; Hansbro, Philip M.; Sohal, Sukhwinder Singh

doi:10.1164/rccm.201808-1553le

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Thus, decreasing life span and DNA damage in lymphocytes in smokers and in patients with COPD make them more susceptible to cancer, in part due to weakened immune response resulting in inability to remove transformed or mutated cells. This fits with our recent findings of decreases in key inflammatory cell populations in early COPD [108], thus increasing such individuals' susceptibility to respiratory infections as well as to cancer [109-111, 78, 79].…”

Section: Oxidative Stresssupporting

confidence: 92%

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: Underlying Pathophysiology and New Therapeutic Modalities

Eapen

Hansbro

Larsson‐Callerfelt

et al. 2018

Drugs

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COPD and lung cancer are major lung diseases affecting millions worldwide. Both diseases have links to cigarette smoking, and exert a considerable societal burden. People suffering from COPD are at a higher risk of developing lung cancer than those without COPD and are more susceptible to poor outcomes after diagnosis and treatment. Lung cancer and COPD are closely associated, possibly sharing common traits such as an underlying genetic predisposition, epithelial and endothelial cell plasticity, dysfunctional inflammatory mechanisms including the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, susceptibility to DNA damage and cellular mutagenesis. In fact, COPD could be the driving factor for lung cancer, providing a conducive environment that propagates its evolution. In the early stages of smoking, body defences provide a combative immune/oxidative response and DNA repair mechanisms are likely to subdue these changes to a certain extent; however, in patients with COPD with lung cancer the consequences could be devastating, potentially contributing to slower post-operative recovery after lung resection and increased resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Vital to the development of new-targeted therapies is an in-depth understanding of various molecular mechanisms that are associated with both pathologies. In this comprehensive review, we shall provide a detailed overview of possible underlying factors that link COPD and lung cancer and current therapeutic advances from both human and pre-clinical animal models that can effectively mitigate this unholy relationship. Running head-COPD and lung cancer: understanding and treatments

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Section: Oxidative Stresssupporting

confidence: 92%

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: Underlying Pathophysiology and New Therapeutic Modalities

Eapen

Hansbro

Larsson‐Callerfelt

et al. 2018

Drugs

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“…In the first reports on the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19, some researchers suggested that the higher prevalence of COVID-19 in men was because the cases detected in Wuhan, China, were mostly in workers in the seafood trade (10). In contrast, Brake et al (27) as well as other authors, such as Eapen et al (28), indicate that the greater susceptibility of men to develop respiratory infections of viral origin such as COVID-19 is due to active smoking because men are more often smokers than women are. It is important to raise awareness regardless of the sex or the health status so that patients will comply in a responsible manner with the measures established to prevent COVID-19.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Risk factors of non-adherence to guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19 among young adults with asthma in a region with a high risk of a COVID-19 outbreak

Vázquez-Nava

Vázquez-Rodríguez

et al. 2020

Journal of Asthma

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Objective: SARS-CoV-2 disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly contagious and spreads rapidly. The application of preventive measures has proven to be the best strategy to minimize the number of patients and the dissemination of and deaths from COVID-19. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors that limit the adherence of asthmatic patients to measures that prevent COVID-19 among residents of a region with a high risk of a COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: Through a cross-sectional study, data from 2,372 participants aged 16-24 years were analyzed. To collect their information, a questionnaire was constructed using the Google Forms tool. Due to the prevention measures in place for COVID-19, the home quarantine of many people, and the lack of socialization, the questionnaire was distributed through email (Internet) and WhatsApp. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the variables. Results: The prevalence of asthma was 12.2%, and non-adherence to the guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19 was 53.1%. Approximately 30.8% of asthma patients did not comply with the basic prevention measures for COVID-19. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that being male, active smoking, and believing that COVID-19 is not a more severe disease for people suffering from asthma than others were associated with nonadherence to the basic protection measures established in the guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19. Conclusions: It is important for health professionals to advise asthma patients to comply with the basic measures of protection against COVID-19 and timely use medications for asthma control.

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“…The mechanism underlying smoking-associated poor postoperative outcomes is not clear, although several possible mechanisms have been proposed. It has been suggested that smoking could affect mucus transport and/or production in the pulmonary tract,20 21 promote pulmonary inflammation22 and ameliorate the pulmonary immune system,23 resulting in pulmonary complications including respiratory dysfunction and pneumonia. It is also suggested that smoking-delivered substances including nicotine and carbon monoxide could have effects on the cardiovascular system, including on vascular tone and/or platelet activities,24 25 which might in turn be related to cardiovascular complications or impaired wound healing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of active smoking on postoperative outcomes in hospitalised patients undergoing elective surgery: a retrospective analysis of an administrative claims database in Japan

Yoshikawa

Katada

2019

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on prognosis after elective surgeries. Incidence of 30-day postoperative complications was compared between propensity score-matched ‘ever-smoker’ and ‘never-smoker’ cohorts. Thirty-day mortality and medical costs during the hospital stay were also compared.Design and settingA large-scale retrospective study using deidentified administrative claims data obtained from 372 acute care hospitals across Japan using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination system (ie, a flat-fee payment system).ParticipantsInpatients who were hospitalised to undergo elective surgery.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary endpoint of this study was incidence of 30-day postoperative complications. Secondary endpoints were 30-day mortality and total medical costs during hospitalisation. Comparison between ever-smokers and never-smokers was conducted using matched cohorts created by 1:1 propensity score matching.ResultsUsing 561 598 eligible patients, matched ever-smoker and never-smoker cohorts (n=1 55 593 each) were created. Ever-smokers were defined as patients with Brinkman Index ≥1. The percentage of patients who were male was 76.7%, and mean ages for ever-smokers and never-smokers were 65.1±13.8 years old and 66.4±15.3 years old, respectively. The Brinkman Index of the ever-smoker cohort was 677.6±553.4. Smoking was significantly associated with higher risk of 30-day postoperative complications compared with not smoking (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.17, p<0.001). Similarly, smoking was significantly associated with postoperative 30-day mortality, with OR of 1.22 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.39, p=0.002).ConclusionsOur results suggest that smoking could be associated with risk of poor postoperative outcomes. In particular, a history of smoking may increase the risk of 30-day postoperative complications as well as that of 30-day mortality. The results suggest that smoking might have a harmful effect on postoperative outcomes irrespective of types of surgery.

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Dysfunctional Immunity and Microbial Adhesion Molecules in Smoking-induced Pneumonia

Cited by 27 publications

References 7 publications

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: Underlying Pathophysiology and New Therapeutic Modalities

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: Underlying Pathophysiology and New Therapeutic Modalities

Risk factors of non-adherence to guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19 among young adults with asthma in a region with a high risk of a COVID-19 outbreak

Effects of active smoking on postoperative outcomes in hospitalised patients undergoing elective surgery: a retrospective analysis of an administrative claims database in Japan

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