Dysregulated MicroRNA Expression Profiles and Potential Cellular, Circulating and Polymorphic Biomarkers in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Abstract

A large number of studies have focused on identifying molecular biomarkers, including microRNAs (miRNAs) to aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of the most common subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma and Follicular Lymphoma. NHL is difficult to diagnose and treat with many cases becoming resistant to chemotherapy, hence the need to identify improved biomarkers to aid in both diagnosis and treatment modalities. This review summarises more recent research on the dysregulated miRNA expression profiles found in NHL, as well as the regulatory role and biomarker potential of cellular and circulating miRNAs found in tissue and serum, respectively. In addition, the emerging field of research focusing on miRNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (miRSNPs) in genes of the miRNA biogenesis pathway, in miRNA genes themselves, and in their target sites may provide new insights on gene expression changes in these genes. These miRSNPs may impact miRNA networks and have been shown to play a role in a host of different cancer types including haematological malignancies. With respect to NHL, a number of SNPs in miRNA-binding sites in target genes have been shown to be associated with overall survival.

Epstein-Barr Virus Infection of Cell Lines Derived from Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas Alters MicroRNA Loading of the Ago2 Complex

“…We observed an almost complete loss of miR-1260 from the Ago complexes in the four cell lines, in line with its association with Ago1 (41). This miRNA was shown to differentiate between GCB-and ABC-DLBCLs (42) and is considered to have oncogenic properties (43). We assume that the enrichment of growth-retarding miRNAs like miR-320a to a level only slightly above the 0.1% cutoff is offset by a rise of growth-promoting miRNAs, either by their overall level or by their Ago2 enrichment.…”

Small Molecules in Rare Tumors: Emerging Role of MicroRNAs in GIST

“…Multiple miRNAs have been suggested as prognostic biomarkers in different malignancies including gastric cancer [ 11 ], non-Hodgkin lymphoma [ 66 ], hepatocellular carcinoma [ 67 ] and others. Different subtypes GISTs have different risk assessments with respect to the disease recurrence or metastasis, age of occurrence, depending on their location, size, and number of mitosis [ 68 ].…”

Regulatory Mechanisms of Epigenetic miRNA Relationships in Human Cancer and Potential as Therapeutic Targets

“…The first miRNAs to be correlated with cancer were miR-15 and miR-16 in B-cell leukaemia [ 10 ]. Since then, the biogenesis of miRNA and target genes such as tumour suppressor and oncogenes has been well established [ 3 , 4 , 9 , 11 , 12 ] with the aid of both experimental and computational analyses; however, further validation using experimental analyses is required if we are to accurately understand the role of miRNA in the multiple functional pathways mediating cancers [ 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Identifying master regulatory miRNAs which regulate both the target mRNA as well as other miRNAs in either the same or a different pathway could provide early prognostic disease biomarkers for both solid tumours and haematological malignancies [ 9 , 16 , 17 ].…”