Dystocia in a Rothschild Giraffe Leading to a Caesarean Section

Williams, D. C.; Murison, PJ; Hill, Clive

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00923.x

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Additionally, pulmonary venous admixture secondary to lung atelectasis, often seen in anaesthetised large animals, could have contributed to the rapid decreases in SpO 2 when oxygen supplementation was stopped. However, giraffes have a big thoracic height and circumference per kg which may diminish the occurrence of intrapulmonary venous admixture during anaesthesia, as described by Mansel and Clutton (2008) in horses and two case reports by Williams and others (2007) and Geiser and others (1992). In both cases, elevated partial pressures of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO 2 ) associated with adequate partial pressures of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO 2 ) were observed in arterial blood gas analyses of spontaneously breathing and/or ventilated giraffes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other reported complications in giraffe anaesthesia include vomiting and passive regurgitation (Borkowski and others 2009), cardiovascular instabilities including hypertension (Williams and others 2007), self‐induced trauma during induction or recovery (Aprea and others 2011, Selig and others 2015), (malignant) hyperthermia (Citino and others 1984), (capture) myopathy and nerve paralysis, and incomplete anaesthesia reversal (Citino and Bush 2003). To avoid aspiration after possible regurgitation, the head was maintained high, tracheal intubation was performed as soon as anaesthetic depth was sufficient to avoid pharyngeal stimulation, and the ETT immediately cuffed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anaesthetic management of a Baringo giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rotschildi) undergoing mandibular fracture repair on two occasions

Benedetti

Chenet²,

Douay

et al. 2017

Vet Record Case Reports

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A four-year-old zoo Baringo giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) was anaesthetised twice for surgical repair of an open fracture of the right mandible. On both occasions, xylazine was administered intramuscularly via a compressed CO2-powered blowpipe-pistol followed by etorphine and acepromazine. General anaesthesia was induced with ketamine intravenously and the giraffe’s trachea was intubated. A surgical plane of anaesthesia was maintained with additional ketamine, xylazine, etorphine and acepromazine. During the second anaesthetic episode, a right inferior alveolar nerve block was performed and a constant rate infusion of lidocaine administered to enhance perioperative analgesia. Vital parameters remained within normal ranges for anaesthetised giraffes. At the end of the procedures, the animal received naltrexone, atipamezole and diprenorphine. The giraffe stood up smoothly in one single attempt the first time but showed mild muscle weakness and required two attempts to stand the second time. Flunixine meglumine was administered for postoperative analgesia after both procedures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaesthetic management of a Baringo giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rotschildi) undergoing mandibular fracture repair on two occasions

Benedetti

Chenet²,

Douay

et al. 2017

Vet Record Case Reports

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show abstract

“…The major anaesthetic complication noted was hypoventilation. Similar to a giraffe (Williams et al. 2007), thoracic compliance appeared poor and expansion restricted.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

Repeated anaesthesia in an Okapi (Okapia johnstoni)

Murison

Jones

Redrobe³

2012

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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“…Survival of the mother giraffe after caesarian (IUCN) red list of threatened species (Fennessy and operation and a dead fetus has also been reported by Brennema 2010). The giraffes roam freely in a 100 Williams et al (2007). Relief of dystocia in a zoo acre fenced wildlife sanctuary in the suburban area of facility by zoo staff using rope snares when a dam was Nairobi.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dystocia in a Rothschild Giraffe at the African Fund for Endangered Wildlife, Nairobi, Kenya

Kaitho¹,

Limo²,

Rono³

et al. 2011

Vet. World

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A 15-year old female Rothschild Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) weighing approximately 800kg, at the African Fund for Endangered Wildlife (AFEW), Giraffe Center, Langata, Nairobi, Kenya was presented with dystocia in June 2010. This giraffe named Laura, had a protracted labor and was regularly monitored by sanctuary education rd staff. Dystocia was relieved on the 3 day at this wildlife sanctuary. The giraffe was chemically immobilized by using ® 7mg of Etorphine Hcl (0.98%) (M99 ) (Norvatis South Africa (Pty) Limited) and 50mg of Azaperone(10%) (Kyron Laboratories (Pty) Limited, South Africa) in a Dan-Inject dart (Dan-inject APS, Sellerup Skowej, Denmark). On obstetrical examination of the giraffe, a fetal malposition type of dystocia had occurred. The fetus was positioned at posterior presentation extended posture with tail butting on the maternal pelvis, which is abnormal in giraffes. The fetus was manually extracted by using both alternate and simultaneous limb traction. The dam survived the procedure and later was reported to be in a good reproductive condition but the male fetus was a stillbirth. The fetus had died due to stress of prolonged labour. Relief of dystocia in giraffes is a difficult obstetrical procedure because obstetrical examination and relief requires chemical immobilization plus physical restrain with ropes by trained staff. Anesthesia or immobilization of giraffes remains a challenge because of the giraffe's unique anatomy and physiology. Giraffes are large animals which limits physical control and manipulation at critical times during induction and recovery of anesthesia. Giraffe's long neck if not pinned to the ground will act as a lever causing fatal injuries to self and support staff. Giraffes develop elevated systolic blood pressure; have a small respiratory tidal volume with a large dead space and relatively small cardiac output during anesthesia, which compromises safe levels of anesthesia.

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Dystocia in a Rothschild Giraffe Leading to a Caesarean Section

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Anaesthetic management of a Baringo giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rotschildi) undergoing mandibular fracture repair on two occasions

Anaesthetic management of a Baringo giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rotschildi) undergoing mandibular fracture repair on two occasions

Repeated anaesthesia in an Okapi (Okapia johnstoni)

Dystocia in a Rothschild Giraffe at the African Fund for Endangered Wildlife, Nairobi, Kenya

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