Targeting of many secretory and membrane proteins to the inner membrane in Escherichia coli is achieved by the signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor (FtsY). In E Secretory and membrane proteins face similar problems early in their life cycle of how to reach their final destination by crossing a membrane or being inserted into a membrane (1). The signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor form a ubiquitous system for targeting these proteins to the translocation machinery at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in eukaryotes and at the inner membrane in prokaryotes (2). The process is regulated by GTPases present as distinct domains (G domains) in the SRP and its receptor. In Escherichia coli, the SRP consists of only one protein, the Ffh ( fifty four homologue, P48, or SRP54 homologue) and a 4.5S RNA (3, 4). The protein FtsY has been identified as the functional homologue of the eukaryotic SRP receptor SR␣ (5). Ffh and FtsY both contain G domains. Recently, it has been shown that FtsY is important for the expression and the insertion of a subset of membrane proteins in E. coli (refs. 6 and 7; for a recent review, see ref. 8). In the presence of GTP, Ffh͞4