“…Democratic institutions and norms Aladwani, 2016;Azad et al, 2010;Basu, 2004;Berntzen and Karamagioli, 2010;Gulati et al, 2014;Ifinedo, 2012;Khalil, 2011;Puron-Cid, 2012;Singh, Das, and Joseph, 2007;Stier, 2015;Zhao, Shen, and Collier, 2014 Level of development Holzer and Kim, 2004;Holzer and Kim, 2006;Holzer and Kim, 2008;Holzer, You, Elected municipal manager Feeney and Brown, 2017Feeney and Brown, 2017Feeney and Brown, 2017Zheng, Schachter, and Holzer, 2014 Appointed municipal manager Brudney and Selden, 1995;Nelson and Svara, 2012Reddick and Norris, 2013 Internal capacity factors Technical capacity Ifenido, 2012; Jun and Weare, 2010; Puron-Cid, 2012;Schwester, 2009; Administrative professionalism…”