E-WASTE threatens health: The scientific solution adopts the one health strategy

Frazzoli, Chiara; Ruggieri, Flavia; Battistini, Beatrice; Orisakwe, Orish Ebere; Igbo, Juliet Kelechi; Bocca, Beatrice

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113227

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Shredding of e-waste is an extensive source of NPs in the United States (131), and very high concentrations of lead, for example, 2.9 µg-lead m 3 , are common 1.8 m away from the shredder operator, with extensive metal surface contamination reaching up to 250,000 particles cm 3 with fine PM 2.5 up to 171 µg m 3 , and both failing to return to background levels after 40 min of inactivity, as described by Ceballos et al (131). As stated by Frazzoli et al (132), the aggressively extractive advanced technology industry thrives on the intensive use of non-renewable resources and hyper-consumeristic culture and unfortunately, the health impact on the brain is detrimental. Figures 8, 9 show the metal and metalloid profiles in individual UFPM/NPs in neural and vascular cells analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Sleep matters: Neurodegeneration spectrum heterogeneity, combustion and friction ultrafine particles, industrial nanoparticle pollution, and sleep disorders—Denial is not an option

Calderón‐Garcidueñas

Torres‐Jardón²,

Greenough³

et al. 2023

Front. Neurol.

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Sustained exposures to ubiquitous outdoor/indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5), including combustion and friction ultrafine PM (UFPM) and industrial nanoparticles (NPs) starting in utero, are linked to early pediatric and young adulthood aberrant neural protein accumulation, including hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), beta-amyloid (Aβ1 − 42), α-synuclein (α syn) and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), hallmarks of Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). UFPM from anthropogenic and natural sources and NPs enter the brain through the nasal/olfactory pathway, lung, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, skin, and placental barriers. On a global scale, the most important sources of outdoor UFPM are motor traffic emissions. This study focuses on the neuropathology heterogeneity and overlap of AD, PD, FTLD, and ALS in older adults, their similarities with the neuropathology of young, highly exposed urbanites, and their strong link with sleep disorders. Critical information includes how this UFPM and NPs cross all biological barriers, interact with brain soluble proteins and key organelles, and result in the oxidative, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondrial stress, neuroinflammation, DNA damage, protein aggregation and misfolding, and faulty complex protein quality control. The brain toxicity of UFPM and NPs makes them powerful candidates for early development and progression of fatal common neurodegenerative diseases, all having sleep disturbances. A detailed residential history, proximity to high-traffic roads, occupational histories, exposures to high-emission sources (i.e., factories, burning pits, forest fires, and airports), indoor PM sources (tobacco, wood burning in winter, cooking fumes, and microplastics in house dust), and consumption of industrial NPs, along with neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric histories, are critical. Environmental pollution is a ubiquitous, early, and cumulative risk factor for neurodegeneration and sleep disorders. Prevention of deadly neurological diseases associated with air pollution should be a public health priority.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Sleep matters: Neurodegeneration spectrum heterogeneity, combustion and friction ultrafine particles, industrial nanoparticle pollution, and sleep disorders—Denial is not an option

Calderón‐Garcidueñas

Torres‐Jardón²,

Greenough³

et al. 2023

Front. Neurol.

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“…Based on the results of our systematic review, it is evident that the majority of the e-waste generated and imported in the selected countries is generally not handled in an ecologically safe manner. In all of the selected countries, e-waste is imported from developed nations, and it is disposed in an unregulated manner, with little or no regard for informal workers' safety and environmental protection [6,51,87,[192][193][194][195][196]. Consequently, communities living in these regions are frequently exposed to hazardous substances via direct exposure during the informal recycling processes or indirectly through environmental pollution.…”

Section: International Organizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and Health Consequences of E-Waste Dumping and Recycling Carried out by Selected Countries in Asia and Latin America

2023

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The volume of e-waste generated worldwide is surging, and it is set to escalate further due to continuing technological innovation and the early obsolescence of most electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). Even though there are many studies on e-waste management, the environmental and health consequences of e-waste regarding direct exposure during informal recycling and indirect exposure through environmental contamination are poorly studied. This study analyses the environmental and health consequences of e-waste dumping and informal recycling practices in selected countries such as Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and Pakistan. Several databases, such as Science Direct, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Emerald, were used to analyse studies from 2005 to 2022. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, 179 journal articles were evaluated. This study found that the majority of e-waste is poorly managed in terms of ecological safety and soundness. This study also found that illegal dumping, acid leaching, and open burning, which are practices that harm the environment and the well-being of e-waste workers, are still being performed by the selected countries. This study provides several practical suggestions for addressing the environmental and health consequences of e-waste dumping and recycling.

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“…An electronic waste (e-waste)-dismantling area is the typical “point source” area for various flame retardants, including legacy BFRs and emerging contaminants of organophosphate and nitrogen flame retardants. The One Health concept was integrated in the risk assessment and management of e-waste and called for the monitoring of e-waste-derived contaminants in the environment, animals, and humans [ 27 ]. The occurrence of NBFRs was found in e-waste facilities in Canada with the median concentration of 5540 ng/g in dust [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of NBFRs was found in e-waste facilities in Canada with the median concentration of 5540 ng/g in dust [ 28 ]. Notably, a million tons of e-waste is exported to developing countries such as China [ 27 ]. Few previous studies have found the occurrence of NBFRs in southern China, which was deemed as the world center of e-waste dismantling [ 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Brominated Flame Retardants in Dust from E-Waste-Dismantling Workplace in Central China: Contamination Status and Human Exposure Assessment

Wei²,

Zhang³

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have been widely used as alternatives to legacy BFRs. However, information on the contamination status and human exposure risks of electronic waste (e-waste)-derived NBFRs in the e-waste workplace is limited. In this study, six NBFRs and the legacy BFRs, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), were analyzed in 50 dust samples from an e-waste-dismantling workplace in Central China. The dust concentration of NBFRs in e-waste-dismantling workshops (median, 157–169 ng/g) was found to be significantly higher than those in an outdoor environment (17.3 ng/g) (p < 0.01). Differently, the highest median concentration of HBCDs was found in dust from the dismantling workshop for cellphones and computers (367 ng/g) among studied areas. The bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (BEHTBP) was the predominant compound, which contributed 66.0–88.0% of measured NBFR concentrations. NBFRs might originate from plastic and rubber materials in wastes based on the correlation and principal component analysis. Moreover, the total estimated daily intakes (average scenario) of NBFRs were calculated at 2.64 × 10−2 ng/kg bw/d and 2.91 × 10−2 ng/kg bw/d for the male and female dismantling workers, respectively, via dust ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact pathways, which were lower than the reference dose values, and thus indicated a limited human exposure risk for NBFRs at the current level. Although the dust concentrations and daily intakes of NBFRs were still lower than those of other emerging pollutants (e.g., organophosphate and nitrogenous flame retardants) measured in the same sampling set, the elevated levels of NBFRs suggested the progressive BFR replacement process in China, which deserves more attention regarding their adverse effects on both the environment and human health.

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E-WASTE threatens health: The scientific solution adopts the one health strategy

Cited by 30 publications

References 103 publications

Sleep matters: Neurodegeneration spectrum heterogeneity, combustion and friction ultrafine particles, industrial nanoparticle pollution, and sleep disorders—Denial is not an option

Sleep matters: Neurodegeneration spectrum heterogeneity, combustion and friction ultrafine particles, industrial nanoparticle pollution, and sleep disorders—Denial is not an option

Environmental and Health Consequences of E-Waste Dumping and Recycling Carried out by Selected Countries in Asia and Latin America

Novel Brominated Flame Retardants in Dust from E-Waste-Dismantling Workplace in Central China: Contamination Status and Human Exposure Assessment

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