Eagle syndrome. A narrative review

Arbildo, Heber; Gamarra, Luis; Rojas, Sandra Vannesa; Infantes, Edward Demer; Vásquez, Hernán

doi:10.17126/joralres.2016.054

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The incidence is higher (up to 84%) if calcification of the stylohyoid complex is included [ 27 ]. Despite the fact that approximately 4% to 28% of the population is thought to have the elongated styloid process or calcification of the stylohyoid complex, only a small percentage (between 4% and 10.3%) is thought to be actually symptomatic [ 7 , 19 ]. To the best of our knowledge, no papers have dealt with the correlation between degree of the styloid process elongation and the severity of symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As in most eponymous cases, there are prior descriptions of stylohyoid elongation and stylohyoid ossification described by Marchetti in 1652 and Demanchetis in 1852, respectively. Eighteen years later in 1870, Lucke related this stylohyoid ligament calcification to painful syndrome [ 7 ]. In recent literature, Eagle’s syndrome has also been called stylohyoid syndrome, styloid syndrome, elongated process syndrome, stylalgia, styloid–stylohyoid syndrome, styloid dysphagia, chronic styloid angina, temporal rheumatic styloiditis, stylocarotid syndrome or Garel–Bernfeld syndrome [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Syndrome of Elongated Styloid Process, the Eagle’s Syndrome—From Anatomical, Evolutionary and Embryological Backgrounds to 3D Printing and Personalized Surgery Planning. Report of Five Cases

et al. 2020

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Background and Objectives: The symptoms of Eagle’s syndrome are associated with the elongated styloid process of the temporal bone or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament. The first mention of pain syndrome associated with the elongated styloid process dates back to 1937, when it was described by Watt Weems Eagle. Over the last decade, experts in the field have shown a lively interest in the issue of the relationship between the elongated styloid process and various symptoms. This article presents the correlation between the clinical signs of Eagle’s syndrome and alterations in surrounding anatomical structures. It includes a brief review of the evolutionary, embryological and clinical anatomical background of the elongated styloid process. Materials and Methods: Between 2018 and 2019, five patients were admitted to our workplace with 1–3-year history of bilateral or unilateral throat pain, otalgia and pharyngeal foreign body sensation. As a therapeutic novelty in the surgical approach to this condition, we used individual 3D printed models to measure and identify the exact location of the resection of the styloid process without damaging the surrounding anatomical structures, such as the facial, accessory, hypoglossal, and vagal nerves; the internal jugular vein; and the internal carotid artery. Results: Compared to traditional surgical methods without 3D models, 3D models helped to better identify cutting edges and major landmarks used in surgical treatment of Eagle’s syndrome. Printed models provided assistance with the exact location of the styloid process resection position without damaging the surrounding anatomical structures such as the facial, accessory, hypoglossal, and vagal nerves; the internal jugular vein; and the internal carotid artery. Conclusion: In our clinical report, we used 3D printed models for navigation and planning during surgical procedures involving resections of the elongated styloid process. Additionally, we can formulate a new hypothesis: the elongated styloid process is a form of atavism of the bony hyoid apparatus in our evolutionary ancestors that is evolutionarily encoded or arises from disrupted degeneration of the middle portion of embryonal Reichert´s cartilage of the second pharyngeal arch. Under normal conditions, this portion does not ossify but degenerates and transforms into a connective tissue band, the future stylohyoid ligament.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Syndrome of Elongated Styloid Process, the Eagle’s Syndrome—From Anatomical, Evolutionary and Embryological Backgrounds to 3D Printing and Personalized Surgery Planning. Report of Five Cases

et al. 2020

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“…Abarca varios síntomas, siendo el dolor en la región lateral del cuello el síntoma más predominante; es causado por una elongación o angulación patológica del proceso estiloideo (PS) y por una calcificación parcial o total del ligamento estilohioideo que generan una oclusión neurológica y vascular. 1 Tanto el proceso estiloideo, el ligamento estilohioideo (LE) y la asta menor del hueso hioides se desarrollan a partir de la osificación endocondral del segundo cartílago braquial o de Reichert. 2 Este cartílago de Reichert a los tres meses se rompe y se divide en cinco componentes: timpanohial, estilohial, ceratohial, hipohial y basihial; tanto el componente timpanohial y estilohial van a conformar el proceso estiloideo.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…5 Sin embargo, el síndrome definitivo sería establecido por Watt Eagle (1937 y 1949) que inicialmente uso el término de «estilalgía» y posteriormente al describir características comunes de la enfermedad en 200 pacientes con elongación del proceso estiloideo, calcificación del ligamento estilohioideo, o con ambos, fue denominado como «síndrome de Eagle». 1,3 Estudios recientes estiman que entre 30-36% de la población mundial presentan al menos un proceso estiloideo elongado, del cual llegan a presentar sintomatología dolorosa sólo 4-10.3%; pero es probable que se subestime la incidencia del síndrome de Eagle, ya que existen casos documentados en pacientes con proceso estiloideo normal y compresión extrínseca de estructuras anatómicas. 5 La mayor prevalencia de la enfermedad se encuentra en mujeres (69%) con rango de edad de 41 a 46 años y personas caucásicas en 91%.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Síndrome de Eagle: una revisión narrativa de una condición subestimada

Vizuete Bolaños,

Téliz Meneses,

Prada Vidarte

et al. 2024

Revista Mexicana De Cirugía Bucal Y Maxilofacial

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El síndrome de Eagle es una condición usualmente mal diagnosticada, causado principalmente por su variedad de signos y síntomas. Estudios recientes relacionan al síndrome de Eagle con algunos tipos de dolor craneofacial que llegan ser confundidos con otras enfermedades y también como causante de accidentes cerebrovasculares por disección de la arteria carótida, si se tiene en consideración a esta condición como una patología dinámica/ posicional. Es de gran importancia tener un enfoque multidisciplinario del síndrome de Eagle que permita comprender su fisiopatología, los patrones clínicos principales, métodos de diagnóstico y sus tratamientos. El objetivo de este trabajo es el de realizar una revisión narrativa de la fisiopatología, patrones clínicos, herramientas diagnósticas disponibles, tratamientos y la presentación de un caso clínico de ejemplo con el fin de guiar a los clínicos a través de esta condición aún subestimada.

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“…A radiografia lateral da cabeça e pescoço permite identificar o processo estiloide alongado, mas os processos bilaterais podem se sobrepor e ofuscar o diagnóstico. A radiografia de Towne, que é uma vista do eixo crânio-ântero-posterior, pode ser utilizada para avaliar o desvio medial ou lateral do processo estiloide(ARBILDO et al, 2016;BADHEY et al, 2017; ABUHAIMED; ALVAREZ; MENEZES, 2020).A…”

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