Ear

Schafer, Kenneth A.; Bolon, Brad

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415759-0.00054-6

Cited by 4 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…An irritant in the tympanic bulla may produce necrosis of the epithelium. Since it is normally a single layer thick, it may be considered an ulcer ( Schafer and Bolon 2013 ).…”

Section: Nonproliferative Andproliferative Lesions Of the Ratand mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Catarrhal inflammation is usually accompanied by metaplasia of the epithelium of the tympanic bulla to include numerous goblet cells. Low numbers of exfoliated epithelial cells may be part of the alteration ( Schafer and Bolon 2013 ).…”

Section: Nonproliferative Andproliferative Lesions Of the Ratand mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Often there is evidence of both degeneration and necrosis present in the epithelium of the crista ampullaris. Alterations may be induced by macrolide antibiotics and other intoxicants ( Ibrahim et al 2014 ; Schafer & Bolon 2013 ).…”

Section: Nonproliferative Andproliferative Lesions Of the Ratand mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the hair cell necrosis appears to be an apoptotic process, there is generally not residual inflammation present unless the test article applied to the middle/inner ear was a severe irritant producing generalized inflammation and necrosis of the tissues of the cochlea. ( Schafer & Bolon 2013 ).…”

Section: Nonproliferative Andproliferative Lesions Of the Ratand mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hair cell necrosis due to specific ototoxicants (in contrast to non-specific irritants) tends to be apoptotic necrosis. Macrolide antibiotics such as gentamicin will produce this change ( Schafer & Bolon 2013 ).…”

Section: Nonproliferative Andproliferative Lesions Of the Ratand mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Ratand Mouse Special Sense Organs(Ocular [eye and glands], Olfactory and Otic)

et al. 2018

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“…An irritant in the tympanic bulla may produce necrosis of the epithelium. Since it is normally a single layer thick, it may be considered an ulcer ( Schafer and Bolon 2013 ).…”

Section: Nonproliferative Andproliferative Lesions Of the Ratand mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nonproliferative Andproliferative Lesions Of the Ratand mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nonproliferative Andproliferative Lesions Of the Ratand mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nonproliferative Andproliferative Lesions Of the Ratand mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nonproliferative Andproliferative Lesions Of the Ratand mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Ratand Mouse Special Sense Organs(Ocular [eye and glands], Olfactory and Otic)

et al. 2018

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Pathology of the Ear

Schafer

2019

Toxicologic Pathology for Non-Pathologists

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Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Sampling, Processing, Evaluation, Interpretation, and Reporting of Test Article-Related Ganglion Pathology for Nonclinical Toxicity Studies

Bennet,

Pardo,

Assaf

et al. 2023

Toxicol Pathol

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Certain biopharmaceutical products consistently affect dorsal root ganglia, trigeminal ganglia, and/or autonomic ganglia. Product classes targeting ganglia include antineoplastic chemotherapeutics, adeno-associated virus-based gene therapies, antisense oligonucleotides, and anti-nerve growth factor agents. This article outlines “points to consider” for sample collection, processing, evaluation, interpretation, and reporting of ganglion findings; these points are consistent with published best practices for peripheral nervous system evaluation in nonclinical toxicity studies. Ganglion findings often occur as a combination of neuronal injury (e.g., degeneration, necrosis, and/or loss) and/or glial effects (e.g., increased satellite glial cell cellularity) with leukocyte accumulation (e.g., mononuclear cell infiltration or inflammation). Nerve fiber degeneration and/or glial reactions may be seen in nerves, dorsal spinal nerve roots, spinal cord, and occasionally brainstem. Interpretation of test article (TA)-associated effects may be confounded by incidental background changes or experimental procedure-related changes and limited historical control data. Reports should describe findings at these sites, any TA relationship, and the criteria used for assigning severity grades. Contextualizing adversity of ganglia findings can require a weight-of-evidence approach because morphologic changes of variable severity occur in ganglia but often are not accompanied by observable overt in-life functional alterations detectable by conventional behavioral and neurological testing techniques.

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Ear

Cited by 4 publications

References 98 publications

Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Ratand Mouse Special Sense Organs(Ocular [eye and glands], Olfactory and Otic)

Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Ratand Mouse Special Sense Organs(Ocular [eye and glands], Olfactory and Otic)

Pathology of the Ear

Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Sampling, Processing, Evaluation, Interpretation, and Reporting of Test Article-Related Ganglion Pathology for Nonclinical Toxicity Studies

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