Ear, nose and throat (ENT) involvement in zoonotic diseases: a systematic review

Abstract

Introduction: Zoonoses are infections transmitted from animal to man, either directly (through direct contact or contact with animal products) or indirectly (through an intermediate vector, such as an arthropod). The causative agents include bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. The purpose of this review is to make an accurate examination of all zoonotic diseases that can be responsible of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) involvement. Methodology: A PubMed search was performed combining the terms (otorhinolaryngology OR rhinology OR laryngology OR otology OR mastoiditis OR otitis OR sinusitis OR laryngitis OR rhinitis OR pharyngitis OR epiglottitis OR dysphonia OR ear OR larynx OR nose OR pharynx) with each one of the etiological agents of zoonoses for the period between January 1997 and August 2012 without language restrictions. Results: A total of 164 articles were selected and examined. Larynx was the most commonly involved ENT organ, followed by oral cavity, pharynx, and neck. Bacteria were the most representative microorganisms involved. Nose and major salivary glands were affected most frequently by protozoa; paranasal sinus, oral cavity, ear, neck, nerves and upper airway by bacteria; and larynx by fungi. Conclusions: ENT symptoms and signs may be present in many zoonotic diseases, some of which are also present in industrialized countries. Most zoonotic diseases are not commonly encountered by ENT specialists. Appreciation of the possible occurrence of these diseases is important for a correct microbiological approach, which often requires special culture media and diagnostic techniques.

Use of botulinum toxin in Frey's syndrome

“…Frey's syndrome occurs more frequently after a parotid demolition surgery or after extensive trauma of the parotid region. [10][11][12][13][14] The incidence after parotidectomy intervention is about 45%. For the treatment of FS, we can distinguish preventive surgical methods:…”

Pattern of ear nose and throat diaseses in a tertiary hospital of Dhaka city

“…It did not include some important and relevant risk factors [18][19][20]. Occupation could have given valuable information as well as zoonotic link to ENT diseases [17]. Likewise, family income and poor living conditions could also be a risk for specific ENT illness [8,20].…”

“…Sometimes, ENT disorders are linked with other systemic illness like pemphigus vulgaris [16]. For Bangladesh, it may be important to consider ENT problems related to zoonotic diseases [17]. Because the Bangladeshi people are constantly exposed to zoonotic health hazards.…”

Opportunistic Oral Infections

“…When an OI pathogen is acquired or not part of the host indigenous flora, possible modes of transmission, depending on the specific microbe, include sexual; zoonotic; or borne by vector, saliva, blood, food, water, soil, air, or droplets. 5,6 Morever, infection via autoinoculation is possible with certain OI pathogens, and this should be taken into consideration for therapeutic decision making. 7 For example, cryotherapy may be favored rather than laser ablation for the treatment of oral condyloma to reduce the risk of acquiring or spreading human pailloma virus (HPV) in aerosolized plumes.…”