Earlier spring in Seoul, Korea

Ho, Chang-Hoi; Lee, E.-J.; Lee, Ilha; Jeong, Su‐Jong

doi:10.1002/joc.1356

Cited by 65 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This has been widely observed by in situ phenological records for many species in many parts of the world; flowering dates of spring flowers in East Asia (Ho et al, 2006;Lu et al, 2006), Central Europe (Roetzer et al, 2000), as well as ragweed in USA (Ziska et al, 2003) have been found to have advanced from a few days to a couple of weeks during the last decades in the 20th century. Similar results have been obtained from studies based on satellite-derived greenness data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Namely, higher (lower) temperature from late winter to early spring tends to lead to earlier (later) flowering (Ahas et al, 2002;Zhang et al, 2004;Ho et al, 2006). The period when temperature has most influence on FFD depends on regional climatological conditions and varies among plant species.…”

Section: Early Spring Temperature Changementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this inference can be valid only if the plant's intrinsic mechanism to sense ambient temperature is temporally stable; if the majority of plants at the observational gardens have 'adapted' to a warmer climate, then our results would not correctly represent the plant's responses to the temperature change. Focusing on the plant's sensibility to ambient temperature, we examined the variation of growing degree-days (GDD), which approximately represents the intrinsic thermal characteristic of a plant to sense thermal energy required to blossom (Snyder et al, 1999;Ho et al, 2006). The GDD for a certain year is defined as the accumulated temperature above a certain base temperature from the coldest day of preceding winter (usually 1st of January) to the FFD.…”

Section: Thermal Characteristic Of Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The GDD for a certain year is defined as the accumulated temperature above a certain base temperature from the coldest day of preceding winter (usually 1st of January) to the FFD. Here, the base temperature, which differs among species and is experimentally determined, was chosen from the values used by Ho et al (2006): 4°C for goldenbell/azalea and 5°C for peach/cherry at all the stations. Figure 9 displays the spatial distribution of the mean and standard deviations of GDD for the analysed period.…”

Section: Thermal Characteristic Of Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, the degree of urbanization is not easily determined, and it is difficult to separate its impact from that of global warming, which is largely concurrent with urbanization. In addition, different plant species respond differently to climate change (Hepper, 2003;Ho et al, 2006;Lu et al, 2006;Luo et al, 2007), and plant growth is not only controlled by temperature, but also affected by many other environmental factors. If long-term phenological observations of representative species in both 100% urban and 100% rural areas would exist, we might easily quantify the effect of urbanization on different plant species accurately.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of urban warming on earlier spring flowering in Korea

Jeong

Linderholm

et al. 2011

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Using long-term observations of four selected species in South Korea: goldenbell (Forsythia koreana), azalea (Rhododendron mucronulatum), cherry (Prunus yedoensis), and peach (Prunus persica), the impact of urban warming on spring flowering was investigated. Trends of early spring temperatures and first-flowering dates (FFDs) of the four plants were cross-compared among nine differently urbanized cities. It was clearly observed that urban warming has led to an advance in the timing of first-flowering of several days to weeks during recent decades, while the intrinsic physiology of plants to sense thermal energy has not been changed. The degree of advancement of the FFD was observed to be roughly proportional to degree of urbanization. Moreover, the sensitivity of the FFD to urban warming was estimated to be higher for the shrub species (−9.07 and −6.64 days°C −1 for goldenbell and azalea, respectively) than the tree species (−2.46 and −2.90 days°C −1 for peach and cherry, respectively). Our results suggest that the impact of urban warming should be considered as an influential factor which drives changes in the regional natural environment, especially in regions of rapid urbanization.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Early Spring Temperature Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Characteristic Of Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Characteristic Of Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of urban warming on earlier spring flowering in Korea

Jeong

Linderholm

et al. 2011

Intl Journal of Climatology

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A 170 year spring phenology index of plants in eastern China

Wang

Zheng

et al. 2014

JGR Biogeosciences

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Extending phenological records into the past is essential for the understanding of past ecological change and evaluating the effects of climate change on ecosystems. A growing body of historical phenological information is now available for Europe, North America, and Asia. In East Asia, long-term phenological series are still relatively scarce. This study extracted plant phenological observations from old diaries in the period 1834-1962. A spring phenology index (SPI) for the modern period ) was defined as the mean flowering time of three shrubs (first flowering of Amygdalus davidiana and Cercis chinensis, 50% of full flowering of Paeonia suffruticosa) according to the data availability. Applying calibrated transfer functions from the modern period to the historical data, we reconstructed a continuous SPI time series across eastern China from 1834 to 2009. In the recent 30 years, the SPI is 2.1-6.3 days earlier than during any other consecutive 30 year period before 1970. A moving linear trend analysis shows that the advancing trend of SPI over the past three decades reaches upward of 4.1 d/decade, which exceeds all previously observed trends in the past 30 year period. In addition, the SPI series correlates significantly with spring (February to April) temperatures in the study area, with an increase in spring temperature of 1°C inducing an earlier SPI by 3.1 days. These shifts of SPI provide important information regarding regional vegetation-climate relationships, and they are helpful to assess long term of climate change impacts on biophysical systems and biodiversity.

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Weighing the risks and benefits of flowering early in the spring for the woody perennial Prunus pumila

Lake Diver,

Savage

2024

American J of Botany

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PremiseThere are advantages to flowering early in the spring, including greater pollinator fidelity and longer fruit maturation time. But plant phenology has advanced in recent years, making many plants vulnerable to freezing damage from late frosts.MethodsTo determine the costs and benefits of flowering early in the growing season, we exposed Prunus pumila plants to two freezing treatments and a delayed flowering treatment in subsequent years. Data were collected on ovary swelling, fruit production, and pollinator visitation on hand‐ and open‐pollinated plants in all treatments. We also measured tissue damage after freeze events.ResultsOur results suggest that flowering time and temperature affect reproductive success, with fewer fruits produced after hard freezes. The same was not true for light freezes, which had minimal impact on reproduction. Freezing damage to plants after a hard freeze did affect the number of dipteran pollinators but not the overall pollinator visitation rate. Despite the clear impact of freezing temperatures on plant reproduction, flowering early provided an advantage in that reproductive output decreased with delayed flowering.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that Prunus pumila will retain the ability to attract pollinators and produce viable seeds if exposed to false spring conditions that involve a light freeze, but hard freezes may reduce yield by an order of magnitude. Although the advantages to flowering early may outweigh the risk of freezing damage under current conditions, it is possible that flower viability may be constrained under continued climate warming.

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Earlier spring in Seoul, Korea

Cited by 65 publications

References 20 publications

Impact of urban warming on earlier spring flowering in Korea

Impact of urban warming on earlier spring flowering in Korea

A 170 year spring phenology index of plants in eastern China

Weighing the risks and benefits of flowering early in the spring for the woody perennial Prunus pumila

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