Early and early Middle Pleistocene correlations in the Southern North Sea basin

Systematical and biochronological review of Plio-Pleistocene Alceini (Cervidae; Mammalia) from Eurasia

“…The CF-bF localities containing C. latifrons were usually correlated with the Cromerian stratotype of the West Runton Upper FreshWater Bed (WRFB) and to an uncertain phase of the Dutch Cromerian complex (Gibbard et al, 1991) but, on the base of the non-marine Mollusca and of mammal assemblages, are now believed to represent four different temperate stages within the early Middle Pleistocene (Meijer and Preece, 1996;Preece, 2001;Stuart, pers. comm.…”

“…A wide gap is recognised in the Beestonian levels, which spans much of the Early Pleistocene. Gibbard et al (1991), Zagwijn (1996) and Lister (1998) tried to relate the English series to the Dutch stratigraphical series using faunal, palynological and lithological data. It turns out that the English PrePastonian and Pastonian are correlated with the terminal phases of the Dutch Tiglian complex and, through paleomagnetic data, with the Olduvai Subchron as well as with a subsequent phase of short length, which might be the one inside this Subchron.…”

Strontium (87Sr/86Sr) dating of marine shells from Pliocene and Pleistocene shallow marine deposits in The Netherlands

“…The foraminiferal content of the Maassluis Formation generally fits in the FA1 biozone and partly in the FA2 biozone of , which correlate with the Early Pleistocene and the Late Pliocene sensu Zagwijn (1975Zagwijn ( , 1998 respectively. The Maassluis Formation pollen content is generally of Tiglian nature, its top is usually in the TC4c pollen zone (Van Montfrans, 1975) but can be as high as TC5 in the Brielle area (Gibbard et al, 1991). These pollen zones are generally used to indicate the age of this formation, even in cases where the palynological analysis was on dinoflagellates using British dinoflagellate events (Van Kolfschoten & De Boer, 1988).…”

The Glacial History of the British Isles during the Early and Middle Pleistocene: Implications for the long-term development of the British Ice Sheet

“…Evidence from the Holderness and County Durham areas also suggests a later minor extension of ice along the North Sea coast of England believed to be equivalent to the Late Saalian (MIS 6) glaciation (Catt and Penny, 1966;Bateman and Catt, 1996) which is equated to the 'Wolstonian'. Ice is believed to have extended to the margins of the Wash Basin depositing a complex sequence of outwash (Gibbard et al, 1991b(Gibbard et al, , 1992(Gibbard et al, , 2009Lewis and Rose, 1991). Recently, the glacial model for East Anglia and the Midlands has been challenged by new work that challenges: (1) the regional glacial succession; (2) the provenance of some of the deposits; (3) the number of Middle Pleistocene glaciations and their ages.…”

“…However, the provenance and significance of the hornblende identified by Soloman is ambiguous due to the absence of a full suite of provenancediagnostic heavy minerals. Alternatively, the hornblende could be ice -rafted from northern Britain; or introduced by rivers eroding hornblende-bearing igneous rocks or Tertiary strata in Europe (Berger in Gibbard et al, 1991a) or southern Britain.…”