Early and Late Mechanisms of Surround Suppression in Striate Cortex of Macaque

Webb, Ben S.; Dhruv, Neel T.; Solomon, Samuel G.; Tailby, Chris; Lennie, Peter

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3414-05.2005

Cited by 278 publications

(313 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In these cases, the functions became compressive at the highest mask contrast tested. Webb et al, 2005;Naito et al, 2007), where the contrast response exponents are smaller and saturation is less evident (Derrington & Lennie, 1984;Sclar et al, 1990). For instance, an excitatory exponent of p 5 1 is consistent with Bonin et al's (2005) singlecell model of suppression in the LGN.…”

Section: The Excitatory and Suppressive Exponents (P And Q)supporting

confidence: 81%

A common contrast pooling rule for suppression within and between the eyes

2008

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Recent work has revealed multiple pathways for cross-orientation suppression in cat and human vision. In particular, ipsiocular and interocular pathways appear to assert their influence before binocular summation in human but have different (1) spatial tuning, (2) temporal dependencies, and (3) adaptation after-effects. Here we use mask components that fall outside the excitatory passband of the detecting mechanism to investigate the rules for pooling multiple mask components within these pathways. We measured psychophysical contrast masking functions for vertical 1 cycle/ deg sine-wave gratings in the presence of left or right oblique (645 deg) 3 cycles/deg mask gratings with contrast C%, or a plaid made from their sum, where each component (i) had contrast 0.5C i %. Masks and targets were presented to two eyes (binocular), one eye (monoptic), or different eyes (dichoptic). Binocular-masking functions superimposed when plotted against C, but in the monoptic and dichoptic conditions, the grating produced slightly more suppression than the plaid when C i $ 16%. We tested contrast gain control models involving two types of contrast combination on the denominator: (1) spatial pooling of the mask after a local nonlinearity (to calculate either root mean square contrast or energy) and (2) ''linear suppression' ' (Holmes & Meese, 2004, Journal of Vision 4, 1080-1089), involving the linear sum of the mask component contrasts. Monoptic and dichoptic masking were typically better fit by the spatial pooling models, but binocular masking was not: it demanded strict linear summation of the Michelson contrast across mask orientation. Another scheme, in which suppressive pooling followed compressive contrast responses to the mask components (e.g., oriented cortical cells), was ruled out by all of our data. We conclude that the different processes that underlie monoptic and dichoptic masking use the same type of contrast pooling within their respective suppressive fields, but the effects do not sum to predict the binocular case.

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Section: The Excitatory and Suppressive Exponents (P And Q)supporting

confidence: 81%

A common contrast pooling rule for suppression within and between the eyes

2008

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“…Our analysis of the laminar placement of cells in V1 [51 characterized here, plus another 283 from data sets reported previously (Solomon et al, 2004a;Solomon and Lennie, 2005;Webb et al, 2005)] shows that moderately and strongly color-preferring cells [groups B and C of Solomon and Lennie (2005)], which have preferred azimuths distributed throughout the isoluminant plane, are encountered in cortical layers 2 through 6 (Lennie et al, 1990;Johnson et al, 2001). The strongly color-preferring cells aligned close to (within Ϯ22.5°) the L-M-axis were proportionally most common in layers 4c␤ and 6, those aligned close to the S-axis in layer 4a.…”

Section: Nature and Locus Of Fundamental Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Habituation Reveals Fundamental Chromatic Mechanisms in Striate Cortex of Macaque

Tailby¹,

Solomon²,

Dhruv³

et al. 2008

J. Neurosci.

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Prolonged viewing of a chromatically modulated stimulus usually leads to changes in its appearance, and that of similar stimuli. These aftereffects of habituation have been thought to reflect the activity of two populations of neurons in visual cortex that have particular importance in color vision, one sensitive to red-green modulation, the other to blue-yellow, but they have not been identified. We show here, in recordings from macaque primary visual cortex (V1), that prolonged exposure to chromatic modulation reveals two fundamental mechanisms with distinctive chromatic signatures that match those of the mechanisms identified by perceptual observations. In nearly all neurons, these mechanisms contribute to both excitation and to regulatory gain controls, and as a result their habituation can have paradoxical effects on response. The mechanisms must be located near the input layers of V1, before their distinct chromatic signatures diffuse. Our observations suggest that the fundamental mechanisms do not give rise to two distinct L-M and S chromatic pathways. Rather, the mechanisms are better understood as stages in the elaboration of chromatic tuning, expressed in varying proportions in all cells in V1 (and beyond), and made accessible to physiological and perceptual investigation only through habituation.

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“…Nevertheless, it would be surprising if the suppressive mechanisms we observed are not reflected in the activity of cortical cells; simulations suggest they may instead be a major determinant of cortical ECRFs (Cleland et al, 1983;Wielaard and Sajda, 2006). The ECRF of neurons in the monkey striate cortex is broadly tuned for spatial-frequency and temporal-frequency (Webb et al, 2005b), quite unlike the CRF of most cortical neurons; subcortical processing may contribute to this, where the MC pathway is a strong input to the neuron. In the striate cortex of macaque, suppression is strongest in layer IVC␣ and layer IVB (Sceniak et al, 2001), which receive predominantly MC-cell input: some part of these strong ECRFs may be inherited from MC cells.…”

Section: Contribution Of Retinal Ecrf To Cortical Processingmentioning

confidence: 85%

Suppressive Surrounds and Contrast Gain in Magnocellular-Pathway Retinal Ganglion Cells of Macaque

Solomon¹,

Lee²,

Sun³

2006

J. Neurosci.

120

107

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The modulation sensitivity of visual neurons can be influenced by remote stimuli which, when presented alone, cause no change in the ongoing discharge rate of the neuron. We show here that the extraclassical surrounds that underlie these effects are present in magnocellular-pathway (MC) but not in parvocellular-pathway (PC) retinal ganglion cells of the macaque. The response of MC cells to drifting gratings and flashing spots was halved by drifting or contrast-reversing gratings surrounding their receptive fields, but PC cell responses were unaffected. The suppression cannot have arisen from the classical receptive field, or been caused by scattered light, because it could be evoked by annuli that themselves caused little or no response from the cell, and is consistent with the action of a divisive suppressive mechanism. Suppression in MC cells was broadly tuned for spatial and temporal frequency and greater at high contrast. If perceptual phenomena with similar stimulus contexts, such as the "shift effect" and saccadic suppression, have a retinal component, then they reflect the activity of the MC pathway.

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Early and Late Mechanisms of Surround Suppression in Striate Cortex of Macaque

Cited by 278 publications

References 53 publications

A common contrast pooling rule for suppression within and between the eyes

A common contrast pooling rule for suppression within and between the eyes

Habituation Reveals Fundamental Chromatic Mechanisms in Striate Cortex of Macaque

Suppressive Surrounds and Contrast Gain in Magnocellular-Pathway Retinal Ganglion Cells of Macaque

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