Early Asymptomatic Hepatitis a in Senegalese Children

Barin, Françis; Denis, François; Chotard, J.; Paulin, R; Chiron, J.P.; Maupas, P; Goudeau, Alain; Coursaget, Pierre

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(80)90706-0

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Eighteen studies (reported in 19 articles) of hepatitis A seroprevalence in West-African countries have been published [Table 1], including four from Cameroon,13141517 three each from Nigeria91020 and Senegal,21222326 two from Liberia,1924 and one each from Burkina Faso,8 Cabo Verde,18 Côte d’Ivoire,11 Gambia,25 Guinea,16 and Sierra Leone 12. Three studies published data collected in or after 2009,8910 one presented data from the early 2000s,11 six reported on data collected between 1985 and the mid-1990s,121314151617 and the remaining eight studies described data collected in the 1970s and early 1980s.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A virus in West Africa: Is an epidemiological transition beginning?

Jacobsen

2014

Niger Med J

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Background:Studies of hepatitis A virus (HAV) seroprevalence in sub-Saharan Africa have generally found very high anti-HAV IgG seroprevalence rates, but economic development and improved drinking water access may be contributing to decreasing incidence.Materials and Methods:This review evaluates all 19 articles that have been published on HAV epidemiology in West Africa.Results:Nearly all studies conducted before 1990 found that the majority of preschool-aged children had already developed immunity due to prior infection. However, several recent studies have observed that the age at midpoint of population immunity in some urban populations has shifted to school-aged children.Conclusion:There is preliminary evidence that some West-African countries are beginning the transition towards lower hepatitis A endemicity levels. Additional studies of child seroprevalence rates in diverse parts of West Africa are required in order to clarify the extent to which an early transition may be occurring.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A virus in West Africa: Is an epidemiological transition beginning?

Jacobsen

2014

Niger Med J

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“…This is due to the fact that asymptomatic HAV infection was the rule when infection occurred during early childhood and that HAV infection occurred very early in life in Africa. [19][20][21] Heptitis A virus infections occurring later in life are usually symptomatic, but the few susceptible adolescents and adults in African countries make acute hepatitis A in these areas a very rare event. Moreover, this study confirms that HBV infection plays an important role in acute and fulminant hepatitis observed in endemic areas, either as the etiologic agent, or as an aggravating factor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of hepatitis E virus in sporadic cases of acute and fulminant hepatitis in an endemic area (Chad).

Coursaget¹,

Buisson²,

N'gawara³

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Forty-one patients with acute or fulminant hepatitis and 86 control patients were entered into a study of sporadic, acute, and fulminant hepatitis in the N'Djamena area of Chad in 1993. Acute hepatitis B was diagnosed in nine (22%) patients and acute hepatitis E in 27 (66%) patients. No acute hepatitis A was observed and 10% of the patients had serologic markers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Dual acute hepatitis B and E were observed in four patients (10%) and acute HEV infection was associated with chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriage in 16 (39%). Epidemiologic findings concerning HBV from Chad suggest that these patients had undiagnosed chronic liver disease due to HBV, with acute deterioration caused by superimposed HEV replication. Moreover, it is obvious that in developing countries only the most severe cases of hepatitis are seen in hospital settings and a large proportion of them are related to superinfection with HBV and HEV. Antibody to HEV was observed in 22% of the control patients. This observation and the fact that epidemic and sporadic cases of HEV are observed in Chad indicates that HEV is highly endemic in this country.Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is generally easily recognized when the virus provokes epidemic outbreaks that are identified or suspected, predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas. The contamination of water supplies with HEV-positive feces appears to be responsible for these epidemics, whereas person-to-person transmission of the virus or food-borne spread have been rarely observed.

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“…Djibouti [8] 99 % of young adults Ethiopia [22] >90 % by age 6 ; 100 % of age 15+ The Gambia [16] 55 % of children ; >95 % of age 30+ Kenya [23] >90 % by age 2 Liberia [14,26] >80 % by age 4 ; >90 % by age 5 Madagascar [12] >95 % of age 5+ Namibia [9,19] 100 % of age 7+ Senegal [4] 100 % of age 4+ Sierra Leone [7] 97 % of age 6+ Somalia [5] >90 % of age 1+ South Africa (black) [1,10,15] >90 % by age 10 ; 100 % of adults Tanzania [11] 99 % of adults age 20+ Zimbabwe [6] >95 % of age 10+ (Fig. 2).…”

Section: The Americasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Declining hepatitis A seroprevalence: a global review and analysis

2004

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Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is spread by faecal-oral contact or ingestion of contaminated food or water. Lifelong immunity is conferred by infection or vaccination, so anti-HAV seroprevalence studies can be used to indicate which populations are susceptible to infection. Seroprevalence rates are highly correlated with socioeconomic status and access to clean water and sanitation. Increasing household income, education, water quality and quantity, sanitation, and hygiene leads to decreases in HAV prevalence. Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, and most European nations have low anti-HAV rates. Although anti-HAV rates remain high in most Latin American, Asian, and Middle Eastern nations, average seroprevalence rates are declining. Surveys from Africa generally indicate no significant decline in anti-HAV rates. Because the severity of illness increases with age, populations with a high proportion of susceptible adults should consider targeted vaccination programmes.

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Early Asymptomatic Hepatitis a in Senegalese Children

Cited by 19 publications

References 3 publications

Hepatitis A virus in West Africa: Is an epidemiological transition beginning?

Hepatitis A virus in West Africa: Is an epidemiological transition beginning?

Role of hepatitis E virus in sporadic cases of acute and fulminant hepatitis in an endemic area (Chad).

Declining hepatitis A seroprevalence: a global review and analysis

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