Early breeding protects anuran eggs from<i>Saprolegnia</i>infection

Perotti, María Gabriela; Basanta, M. Delia; Steciow, Mónica Mirta; Sandoval-Sierra, José Vladimir; Diéguez-Uribeondo, Javier

doi:10.1111/aec.12014

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…However, in a recent study, this species was shown to be pathogenic to both eggs and alevins by checking Koch postulates (Rezinciuc et al, 2014). Similar studies aiming to assess the role of S. australis and also S. diclina as primary pathogens in amphibian eggs have demonstrated that both species can colonize and kill embryonic stages of amphibians (Fernández-Benéitez et al, 2011;Perotti et al, 2013). Additionally, we found another species associated with the fish embryonic stages, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Saprolegnia species affecting the salmonid aquaculture in Chile and their associations with fish developmental stage

et al. 2014

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The rapid increase in the aquaculture production of salmonids has been followed by a rise in several diseases. In particular, saprolegniosis can account for at least 10% of the annual economic loss in salmonids. In this study, we investigated the main Saprolegnia species involved in saprolegniosis of salmonids in Chile, and their association with specific developmental stages of the host fish. For this purpose, we studied 244 isolates of Saprolegniaaffected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the salmon farming regions, using a recently developed identification strategy based on molecular taxonomical operational units. We found that the Saprolegnia species associated with diseased salmon were Saprolegnia australis, Saprolegnia delica, Saprolegnia diclina, Saprolegnia ferax, Saprolegnia parasitica and two new Saprolegnia species observed during this study. In order to determine whether there were any specific species associations with different stages in the fish life cycle, we applied mosaic plots and correspondence analyses for categorical data. These analyses showed a strong association of S. parasitica with samples from the adult stage of the fish (χ 2 = 196.29, p b 0.0001), while the species S. australis, S. diclina and Saprolegnia sp. 2 were strongly associated with embryonic stages (eggs or alevins) (χ 2 = 196.29, p b 0.0001). This work represents the first detailed molecular characterization of Saprolegnia species involved in saprolegniosis in Chile, and the first study showing specific association of different Saprolegnia species with different stages in the salmonid life cycle.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Saprolegnia species affecting the salmonid aquaculture in Chile and their associations with fish developmental stage

et al. 2014

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“…Previous research has shown that temperatures below 10°C can inhibit the growth of aquatic moulds on wood frog egg masses (Gomez-Mestre, Touchon, & Warkentin, 2006) and that one of the potential advantages of early breeding is the reduced impact of this group of organisms (Perotti et al, 2013). Previous research has shown that temperatures below 10°C can inhibit the growth of aquatic moulds on wood frog egg masses (Gomez-Mestre, Touchon, & Warkentin, 2006) and that one of the potential advantages of early breeding is the reduced impact of this group of organisms (Perotti et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We observed no consistent differences in hatch success among wetland types but did detect a relationship between water temperature and hatch success. Previous research has shown that temperatures below 10°C can inhibit the growth of aquatic moulds on wood frog egg masses (Gomez-Mestre, Touchon, & Warkentin, 2006) and that one of the potential advantages of early breeding is the reduced impact of this group of organisms (Perotti et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, because abiotic factors also influence embryo survivorship, we examined the effect of water temperature and pH directly on hatch success in closed cages, and tested whether water temperature was an important covariate of embryo predation in open cages. Water temperature can indirectly affect the hatch success of embryos by impacting the growth of aquatic fungi (Perotti, Basanta, Steciow, Sandoval-Sierra, & Di eguez-Uribeondo, 2013), predator activity and consumption rates, as well as directly through the effects on development rate (Herreid & Kinney, 1967). Acidic conditions (low pH) have also been documented to affect hatch success in amphibian embryos (Sadinski & Dunson, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impacts of overwintered green frog larvae on wood frog embryo mortality under a wetter climate

Crump

Houlahan

2017

Freshwater Biology

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For many species, the distribution and quantity of habitat is likely to be altered under climate change scenarios. Globally, temperatures are expected to increase, but changes in precipitation will be variable with some locations expected to receive more and other locations to receive less. The amount and timing of precipitation has a strong influence on wetland hydroperiod, which is a critical factor in determining wetland use by species of pond‐breeding amphibians. Past research has focused on the direct effects of reductions in precipitation and shorter hydroperiods, such as larvae desiccation, but little attention has been given to the indirect consequences of increased precipitation and longer hydroperiods, such as changes in predation pressure. We used wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), a species that typically breeds in ephemeral (temporary) wetlands, to test the hypothesis that increased precipitation and permanent wetlands would indirectly increase mortality in wood frog embryos through increases in the density of embryo predators, second‐year green frog larvae (Lithobates clamitans), limnephilid and phryganeid caddisfly larvae and red‐spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). We conducted translocation experiments in 2014 and 2015. We monitored wood frog embryo hatch success and mortality from predation using open (predator access) and closed (predators excluded) cages in 16 wetlands in each year. We observed no difference in embryo hatch success between ephemeral and permanent wetlands, with water temperature, not pH, affecting hatch rates. Wood frog embryos in permanent wetlands with overwintered second‐year green frog larvae had higher mortality from predation (0.80, 95% confidence intervals 0.65–0.91) than permanent wetlands (0.42, CI 0.26–0.60) and ephemeral wetlands (0.37, CI 0.31–0.45) that lacked predatory green frog larvae. Embryo mortality from predation increased with increasing green frog larvae density. Regression models showed that ponds with larvae densities >2.5 larvae m−2 resulted in 90% embryo mortality. Caddisfly larvae and red‐spotted newt density had no effect, and pond water temperature had a weak negative effect on embryo mortality from predation. Under a wetter and warmer climate, springtime occupancy of predatory green frog larvae is likely to increase, resulting in a reduction in the amount of suitable wood frog breeding habitat. Our research suggests that indirect effects of climate change mediated through biotic interactions may play a critical role in the distribution of ephemeral wetland species.

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“…Common pathogens of amphibian eggs have been shown to grow readily on hemp seeds, including Saprolegnia diclina, S. ferax and Achlya spp. (Laskin and Lechevalier , Kiesecker et al , Gomez‐Mestre et al , Touchon et al , Fernandez‐Beneitez et al , Romansic et al , Perotti et al ). Also, we found that oomycetes cultured from hemp seeds from natural ponds are pathogenic in a lab experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population of origin and environment interact to determine oomycete infections in spotted salamander populations

Urban

Lewis

Fučíková

et al. 2014

Oikos

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Spatial variation in disease risk in wild populations can depend both on environmental and genetic factors. Understanding the various contributions of each factor requires experimental manipulation of both the environment and genetic composition of populations under natural field conditions. We first examined natural patterns of oomycete composition and infection in the eggs of 13 populations of the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum. We then performed a fully factorial field transplant of the eggs of six populations to separate the contributions from population of origin and the environment on oomycete resistance in spotted salamanders. Among wild ponds, we found strong variation in oomycete infections in spotted salamander populations and differences in the composition of oomycete communities. In transplant experiments, salamander populations differed in their resistance to oomycete infections via a significant interaction between population of origin and environment. However, not all populations were locally adapted to local conditions. One population was significantly adapted to its home environment, and another one was significantly maladapted. These population effects could originate from differential adaptation of salamander populations to local oomycete communities or environmental conditions that mediate resistance, local adaptation and maladaptation of oomycetes to hosts, or from maternal transmission. Accounting for both environment and population of origin will often be necessary to understand disease dynamics in wild populations.

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Early breeding protects anuran eggs fromSaprolegniainfection

Cited by 17 publications

References 67 publications

Saprolegnia species affecting the salmonid aquaculture in Chile and their associations with fish developmental stage

Saprolegnia species affecting the salmonid aquaculture in Chile and their associations with fish developmental stage

The impacts of overwintered green frog larvae on wood frog embryo mortality under a wetter climate

Population of origin and environment interact to determine oomycete infections in spotted salamander populations

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