Early Changes in Bile Composition and Gallstone Formation Induced by a High Cholesterol Diet in Prairie Dogs

DenBesten, Lawrence; Safaie-Shirazi, Siroos; Connor, William E.; Bell, Shirley

doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(74)80180-0

Cited by 52 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Ho (1976) examined biliary CH in several species like hens, rabbits, rats, hamsters, ground squirrels, and prairie dogs fed a high CH diet over 4 weeks. Gallstone formation after feeding similar diets was observed in squirrel monkeys (Osuga and Portman 1971) and in prairie dogs (Den Besten et al 1974), whereas additional drugs like dehydrocholic acid (Besan~on et al 1965), cholestyramine (Schoenfield and Sj6vall 1966), cholic acid (Tepperman et al 1964) or hormones (Pearlman et al 1979) had to be administered to induce gallstones in other species. The more than tenfold rise of biliary CH in tupaias is the highest increase ever reported for various species under similar feeding conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Tupaias (tree shrews) — A new animal model for gallstone research

1980

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Metabolic reactions to the increased intake of cholesterol (CH)were studied in ten tupaias (Tupaia belangeri Baf:BIAS, tree shrews), fed a lithogenic diet containing 20% fat and 2% CH. The feeding period was 4 months. Twelve animals on standard diet served as controls.The CH content was determined in serum, bile, liver, heart, skin, kidney, muscle, jejunum, ileum, and in the total body. In vitro synthesis rates of CH were measured in the liver and in different parts of the gut.In animals fed the lithogenic diet, serum CH values exceeded those of controls by a factor of 2. However, of all organs examined only the liver showed a rise in the CH content. In hepatic bile, CH values were 14 times higher than in the controls.Intrahepatic synthesis of CH was suppressed to 7% of the rate in animals on standard diet. In the jejunum, CH synthesis rates were 44%, and in the ileum 15% of those determined in controls.It is concluded that the administration of a high CH diet induces a feedback mechanism which lowers the production of CH in the liver and small intestine. However, this adaptation does not prevent the rise of CH in serum, liver, and bile which finally results in the formation of gallstones in the gallbladder.Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), added to the lithogenic diet in a daily dose of 20mg/kg body weight (BW) in five animals, produced an additional significant increase in the hepatic CH content compared to the animals fed the lithogenic diet without CDCA. Other parameters did not differ between the two groups fed the lithogenic diet with and without CDCA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Tupaias (tree shrews) — A new animal model for gallstone research

1980

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“…Diets supplemented with cholesterol have shown to produce lithogenic bile and gallstones in experimental animals including prairie dogs, squirrel monkeys and hamsters (DenBesten et al. 1974; Pearlman et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary fenugreek and onion attenuate cholesterol gallstone formation in lithogenic diet–fed mice

Reddy

Srinivasan

2011

Int J Experimental Path

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An animal study was conducted to evaluate the antilithogenic effect of a combination of dietary fenugreek seeds and onion. Lithogenic conditions were induced in mice by feeding them a high (0.5%) cholesterol diet (HCD) for 10 weeks. Fenugreek (12%) and onion (2%) were included individually and in combination in this HCD. Fenugreek, onion and their combination reduced the incidence of cholesterol gallstones by 75%, 27% and 76%, respectively, with attendant reduction in total cholesterol content by 38-42%, 50-72% and 61-80% in serum, liver and bile respectively. Consequently, the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was reduced significantly in serum, liver and bile. The cholesterol saturation index of bile was reduced from 4.14 to 1.38 by the combination of fenugreek and onion and to 2.33 by onion alone. The phospholipid and bile acid contents of the bile were also increased. Changes in the hepatic enzyme activities (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase, cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase and cholesterol-27-hydroxylase) induced by HCD were countered by fenugreek, onion and their combination. Hepatic lipid peroxides were reduced by 19-22% and 39-45% with fenugreek, onion and their combination included in the diet along with the HCD. Increased accumulation of fat in the liver and inflammation of the gallbladder membrane produced by HCD were reduced by fenugreek, onion and their combination. The antilithogenic influence was highest with fenugreek alone, and the presence of onion along with it did not further increase this effect. There was also no additive effect of the two spices in the recovery of antioxidant molecules or in the antioxidant enzyme activities.

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“…Several changes have been identified in prairie dog bile and gallbladder function during high-cholesterol feeding. Bile flow and the relative proportions of individual bile acids are altered by the diet (3)(4)(5). Changes in gallbladder function include increased glycoprotein mucin secretion (6) and abnormal contractility (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal Electrical Activity in the Prairie Dog During Fasting, Feeding, and After High‐Cholesterol Diet

Calabuig¹,

Moody²

1991

Neurogastroenterology Motil

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This study describes the electromyographic characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract of prairie dogs, and examines the effects of a 1.2% cholesterol diet on intestinal myoelectrical activity. Twelve prairie dogs were implanted with eight bipolar electrodes in the stomach and small bowel. Recordings were obtained during fasting (n = 12), gastric instillation of food (n = 7), and chronic cholesterol feeding for 3 weeks (n = 7). Gastric slow waves had a frequency per minute of 4.9 ± 1. Intestinal slow waves had a frequency per minute of 19.1 ± 2 in the duodenum, and of 16.8 ± 1 in the ileum. The migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) was identified, with an interval between two consecutive phases I of 145 ± 33 minutes. The delivery of diets of equal weight into the stomach interrupted fasting activity for approximately 3 hours. This was followed by a duodenal phase III and return of the fasted pattern. The interval between the first two postprandial phases I of the MMC not only was shorter than in the fasted state, but also was shorter after cholesterol diet than after regular diet (89 ± 33 min versus 116 ± 24 min, p ≤ 0.05). Chronic feeding of cholesterol diet did not affect the length of the MMC. In conclusion, the gastrointestinal tract of prairie dogs exhibits slow waves, spike bursts, and an MMC that is interrupted by feeding. High‐cholesterol diet does not induce significant changes in the pattern of electrical activity.

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Early Changes in Bile Composition and Gallstone Formation Induced by a High Cholesterol Diet in Prairie Dogs

Cited by 52 publications

References 18 publications

Tupaias (tree shrews) — A new animal model for gallstone research

Tupaias (tree shrews) — A new animal model for gallstone research

Dietary fenugreek and onion attenuate cholesterol gallstone formation in lithogenic diet–fed mice

Gastrointestinal Electrical Activity in the Prairie Dog During Fasting, Feeding, and After High‐Cholesterol Diet

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