“…Another review on preK-12 teachers' perceptions of STEM integration and education (Margot & Kettler, 2019), between 2000 and 2016, indicates that teachers value STEM education, but they also report obstacles such as pedagogical and curriculum challenges, concerns about students, and lack of teacher support. Research highlighted the importance of teacher confidence in the delivery of STEM in early years' settings (Larkin & Lowrie, 2022); while ECE teachers' beliefs towards STEM are relatively positive, selfefficacy and confidence are rather low (Campbell et al, 2018). MacDonald et al (2021) reveals Australian ECE teachers' beliefs and confidence regarding STEM education.…”