Background
Teachers’ sense of efficacy (TSE) is a crucial construct for evaluating the quality of pre-service teachers. While the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES) is the most widely used and promising instrument for measuring TSE, there is no existing literature assessing the appropriateness of the TSES for early childhood pre-service teachers in China. This study aimed to translate the English version of the TSES into Chinese and test its factor structure, validity, measurement invariance across gender, age, and college year, as well as reliability.
Methods
This study used a cross-sectional design. The sample included 402 participants in China. The TSES was translated into Chinese using the standard back-to-back translation method. The psychometric properties of the TSES, including construct validity, concurrent validity, convergent validity, criterion-related validity, measurement invariance, internal consistency reliability, and composite reliability, were examined.
Results
CFA results indicated that the TSES is best represented by a modified three-factor model, demonstrating strong preliminary, overall, and internal structure fit. The concurrent validity, convergent validity, criterion-related validity, internal consistency reliability, and composite reliability of the Chinese version TSES were robust. The measurement invariance across gender, age, and college year was also confirmed.
Conclusions
This study addresses a gap in the literature by providing robust empirical evidence on the factor structure, validity, measurement invariance, and reliability of the Chinese version of the TSES for early childhood pre-service teachers, thereby enhancing understanding of TSE in Chinese-speaking context.