Early childhood factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort

Koenen, Karestan C.; Moffitt, Terrie E.; Poulton, Richie; Martin, Judith A.; Caspi, Avshalom

doi:10.1017/s0033291706009019

Cited by 307 publications

(243 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In a parallel fashion, longitudinal studies that document the long-term consequences of childhood adversity indicate that alterations in a child' s ecology can have measurable effects on his or her developmental trajectory, with lifelong consequences for educational achievement, economic productivity, health status, and longevity. [23][24][25][26][27] The EBD framework described in this article presents a new way to think about the underlying biological mechanisms that explain this robust link between early life adversities (ie, the…”

Section: A New Framework For Promoting Healthy Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress

Shonkoff¹,

Siegel²,

Dobbins³

et al. 2012

Pediatrics

3,950

2,375

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Advances in fields of inquiry as diverse as neuroscience, molecular biology, genomics, developmental psychology, epidemiology, sociology, and economics are catalyzing an important paradigm shift in our understanding of health and disease across the lifespan. This converging, multidisciplinary science of human development has profound implications for our ability to enhance the life prospects of children and to strengthen the social and economic fabric of society. Drawing on these multiple streams of investigation, this report presents an ecobiodevelopmental framework that illustrates how early experiences and environmental influences can leave a lasting signature on the genetic predispositions that affect emerging brain architecture and long-term health. The report also examines extensive evidence of the disruptive impacts of toxic stress, offering intriguing insights into causal mechanisms that link early adversity to later impairments in learning, behavior, and both physical and mental well-being. The implications of this framework for the practice of medicine, in general, and pediatrics, specifically, are potentially transformational. They suggest that many adult diseases should be viewed as developmental disorders that begin early in life and that persistent health disparities associated with poverty, discrimination, or maltreatment could be reduced by the alleviation of toxic stress in childhood. An ecobiodevelopmental framework also underscores the need for new thinking about the focus and boundaries of pediatric practice. It calls for pediatricians to serve as both front-line guardians of healthy child development and strategically positioned, community leaders to inform new science-based strategies that build strong foundations for educational achievement, economic productivity, responsible citizenship, and lifelong health.

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Section: A New Framework For Promoting Healthy Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress

Shonkoff¹,

Siegel²,

Dobbins³

et al. 2012

Pediatrics

3,950

2,375

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…No data Post-traumatic stress Koenen et al (2007) Age o5 years childhood risks : 50 % develop PTSD after trauma ; 8 % after only 1 year Koenen et al (2003) Neglect, sexual and physical abuse are at increased risk for developing PTSD Widom (1999) Family, individual and lifestyle variables also place individuals at risk Breslau (2002) Traumas sufficient to cause PTSD very common, those who do not develop PTSD after trauma are not at increased risk of MDD Craig et al (2004) Mothers reported frequent headaches and stomachache in childhood ; were emotionally flatter Egle & Nickel (1998) Parents more frequently chronically ill or disabled, more sexual and physical abuse and family disharmony GAD, Generalized anxiety disorder ; MDD, major depressive disorder ; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder ; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder ; OR, odds ratio. have reported multivariate analyses of self-report instruments of these disorders find a large general distress factor running across items, and this has been variously named ' neuroticism ' (Eysenck, 1964 ; and many other authors), ' negative emotionality ' (Harkness et al 1995) and ' negative affectivity ' (Watson et al 1984).…”

Section: Dysthmic Disorder No Data Neurasthaeniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional disorders: Cluster 4 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11

et al. 2009

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"Emotional disorders: Cluster 4 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11." Psychological Medicine.39,12. 2043-2059. http://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs/3923Emotional disorders: Cluster 4 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11Paper 5 of 7 of the thematic section : ' A proposal for a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11 ' Background. The extant major psychiatric classifications DSM-IV, and ICD-10, are atheoretical and largely descriptive. Although this achieves good reliability, the validity of a medical diagnosis would be greatly enhanced by an understanding of risk factors and clinical manifestations. In an effort to group mental disorders on the basis of aetiology, five clusters have been proposed. This paper considers the validity of the fourth cluster, emotional disorders, within that proposal.Method. We reviewed the literature in relation to 11 validating criteria proposed by a Study Group of the DSM-V Task Force, as applied to the cluster of emotional disorders.Results. An emotional cluster of disorders identified using the 11 validators is feasible. Negative affectivity is the defining feature of the emotional cluster. Although there are differences between disorders in the remaining validating criteria, there are similarities that support the feasibility of an emotional cluster. Strong intra-cluster co-morbidity may reflect the action of common risk factors and also shared higher-order symptom dimensions in these emotional disorders.Conclusion. Emotional disorders meet many of the salient criteria proposed by the Study Group of the DSM-V Task Force to suggest a classification cluster.

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“…Our study had a number of strengths, the most notable of which was an increased capacity to perform tests of gender interaction. We were also able to account for trauma type with increased specificity compared with previous studies (Breslau, et al, 2006;Koenen, et al, 2007;Storr, et al, 2007) by controlling for multiple trauma exposure, which has been shown to increase the risk of PTSD (Copeland, Keeler, Angold, & Costello, 2007). Another important strength was the age at which we attained measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…One study from Storr and colleagues has found no association between early scholastic ability and PTSD (Storr, Ialongo, Anthony, & Breslau, 2007). The other two studies have found inverse associations between cognitive ability with PTSD risk in late adolescence (Breslau, Lucia, & Alvarado, 2006) and early adulthood (Koenen, Moffitt, Poulton, Martin, & Caspi, 2007). There were some methodological 6 This is a post-print version of the following article: Betts, Kim Steven, Williams, Gail M., Najman, Jacob M., Bor, William and Alati, Rosa (2012) Pre-trauma verbal ability at five years of age and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in adult males and females.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We constructed birth weight z-scores which were internally adjusted for gender and gestational age as a crude measure of fetal development. Birth weight and gestational age (in weeks) were taken from obstetric records at the time of birth, along with maternal age at birth and parity.We selected other covariables based on the previous prospective and military studies (Breslau, et al, 2006;Gale, et al, 2008;Gilbertson, et al, 2006;Koenen, et al, 2007;Kremen, et al, 2007;Macklin, et al, 1998;Marx, et al, 2009;Storr, et al, 2007;Thompson Gottesman, 2008). Internalising and externalising behaviour problems were assessed in the offspring at 5 years using a shortened version of the child behaviour checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach, 1991a) completed by mothers, fully described elsewhere (Bor et al, 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Pre-trauma verbal ability at five years of age and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in adult males and females

Betts

Williams

Najman

et al. 2012

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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Pre-trauma verbal ability at five years of age and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in adult males and females Abstract word count is 212 words.Main text word count is 4,000 words.There are 4 tables and 1 figure.There is a supplementary section consisting of 91 words and 1 table.Kim S. Betts, MPH, BEd. School of Population Abstract:Previous studies have shown that high cognitive ability, measured in childhood and prior to the experience of traumatic events, is protective of PTSD development. Our aim was to test if the association between pre-trauma verbal ability ascertained at 5 years with DSM-IV lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 21 years was subject to effect modification by gender, trauma type or prior behaviour problems. Using a prospective birth cohort of young Australians, we found that both trauma type and behaviour problems did not change the association between cognitive ability and PTSD. During multivariate analysis, testing for the interactive effect of gender revealed that verbal ability was linearly and inversely associated with PTSD in females only, with those in the lowest verbal ability quintile having strongly increased odds of PTSD (OR = 3.89: 95% CI; 1.50, 10.10) compared with those in the highest quintile. A graph of the interaction revealed lower verbal ability placed females, but not males, at an increased risk of PTSD . Our results indicate that that lower verbal ability in early childhood is a vulnerability factor for PTSD in females but not in males, and suggest that lower verbal ability may constitute a gender-specific risk factor responsible for part of the increased risk of PTSD found in females compared with males.Key words: Post-traumatic stress disorders, cognitive functioning, gender Background:4 This is a post-print version of the following article: Betts, Kim Steven, Williams, Gail M., Najman, Jacob M., Bor, William and Alati, Rosa (2012) Pre-trauma verbal ability at five years of age and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in adult males and females. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46 7: 933-939.Epidemiological research has found an inverse relationship between cognitive ability with morbidity and mortality. Individuals with a lower cognitive ability have an increased risk of a number of conditions in later life including schizophrenia (Zammit et al., 2004), depression, hypertension, lung disease (Der, Batty, & Deary, 2009), increased depression persistence and comorbidity (Koenen, et al., 2009). However, the mechanisms by which cognitive ability may lead to a decline in individual health outcomes over time remains unclear and intercorrelated with a number of environmental and developmental factors. For this reason, even studies which have conducted extensive cognitive testing prior to the onset of poor health (pre-morbid testing) and controlled for important related affects including socioeconomic position (SEP), familial circumstances and indicators of fetal and child development are unable to completely rule out possible residual confoundin...

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Early childhood factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort

Cited by 307 publications

References 37 publications

The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress

The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress

Emotional disorders: Cluster 4 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11

Pre-trauma verbal ability at five years of age and the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder in adult males and females

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