Early Development of the Human Laryngeal Muscles

Hast, Malcolm H.

doi:10.1177/000348947208100411

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The intrinsic musc les of the larynx, first apparent as a circular layer of cells [Frazer. 1910;Hast, 1972]. represent the sphincter that in fish surrounds the glottis.…”

Section: Glottic and Infraglottic Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reexamination of the Origin and Early Development of the Human Larynx

Zaw-Tun

Burdi²

1985

Cells Tissues Organs

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The respiratory primordium buds off the primitive foregut and grows caudally, on a lengthening stalk; the cephalic end of the stalk develops into the glottis and infraglottis, and the rest becomes the trachea. Compression by pharyngeal mesoderm cephalic to the respiratory diverticulum obliterates the foregut lumen ventrodorsally as far cranially as the 4th pharyngeal pouches, forming an epithelial lamina with a narrow pharyngoglottic duct along its dorsal border. The mesoderm also raises an epiglottic and two arytenoid swellings in the pharyngeal floor at the level of the 4th pouches; the triangular ‘cecum’, bounded by these swellings, grows caudally along the ventral border of the epithelial lamina to just above the glottis. Beginning at stage 21, the epithelial lamina separates cephalocaudally, bringing the cecal lumen into continuity with the pharyngoglottic duct to form the laryngeal vestibule; when the separation is complete, the vestibule is continuous with the infraglottic cavity. Meanwhile, bilateral pouches arising from the caudal end of the cecum form the ventricles, the lower lips of which become the vocal folds, and the pharyngeal mesoderm surrounding the laryngeal cavity gives rise to the laryngeal cartilages and intrinsic musculature. The cricoid chondrifies bilaterally from a single center in the ventral arch of a precartilaginous template that encircles the infraglottic cavity, and on meeting forms the dorsal lamina. Each arytenoid chondrifies from a single center, and each half of the thyroid cartilage chondrifies from two. Anlagen for the intrinsic muscles appear during stage 17, sites of individual muscles are recognizable by stage 23, and myofibrils are pfesent by the 12th week.

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“…The intrinsic musc les of the larynx, first apparent as a circular layer of cells [Frazer. 1910;Hast, 1972]. represent the sphincter that in fish surrounds the glottis.…”

Section: Glottic and Infraglottic Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ld -f). Although la ter studies have yielded additional information \Patzelt, 1923;Goerttler, 1950Goerttler, , 1954Wind, 1970;Hast, 1970Hast, , 1972O'Rahilly, 1973;O 'Rahilly and Boy den, 1973;O 'Rahilly and Tucker, 1973], the difference has not been resolved.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reexamination of the Origin and Early Development of the Human Larynx

Zaw-Tun

Burdi²

1985

Cells Tissues Organs

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“…serial sections (5 micron in thickness) of 20 embryos (crown-rump length (CRL) 5-18 mm; approximately 4-6 weeks): 1) 10 embryos (4)(5) for observations of the ladder-like arrangement of the pharyngeal arch structures and 2) another 10 embryos (CRL 11-18 mm, 5-6 weeks) for observations of developmental changes in the putative ultimobranchial body and cervical sinus. The sections had been stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) or azan.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the ultimobranchial body a reality or myth: a study using serial sections of human embryos

Honkura

Yamamoto

Yoshimoto

et al. 2016

Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn.

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Summary: Reported morphologies of the ultimobranchial body had varied between researchers: a cluster of mitotic cells, a duct-like structure and a rosette-like cell mass. To clarify the true morphology, we studied tilted horizontal sections of 20 human embryos (crown-rump length 5-18 mm; 4-6 weeks). The sections displayed a ladder-like arrangement of the second to fourth endodermal pouches and, in 5 early embryos we found the fifth pouch attached to the fifth ectodermal groove near the fourth pharyngeal arch artery. The bilateral fifth pharyngeal pouches protruded anterolaterally to form a U-shaped lumen surrounding the arytenoid swelling. The third to fifth pouches were each characterized by a pedal-shaped inferior end. We identified several types of cell clusters as candidates for the ultimobranchial body, but morphologically most of them were, to various degrees, likely to correspond to the blind end of the lower pouch when cut tangentially. Because of the topographical relation to the common carotid artery, a cyst-like structure with a cell cluster seemed to be the most likely candidate of the ultimobranchial body (a common anlage of the thymus and parathyroid). However, we were not able to deny a possibility that a certain plane cutting the pouch end incidentally provided such a cyst-like structure in sections. At any stage, the ultimobranchial body might not appear as a definite structure that is discriminated from others with routine staining. A concept of the ultimobranchial body might be biased by comparative anatomy that shows the ultimobranchial gland in adult birds and reptiles.

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“…However, the PIM may act independently of the cricothyroid proper, or it may function as part of the cricothyroid muscle in a group when necessary. Mayet and Muendnich [1958] and Hast [1972] have argued that muscles within the thyroid cartilage are part of a phylogenetically and embryologically distinct group of muscles acting as an airway sphincter. According to Hast [1972], intrinsic laryngeal muscles appear to develop from one of two common sets of physiologically distinct embryological muscular anlagen.…”

Section: Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mayet and Muendnich [1958] and Hast [1972] have argued that muscles within the thyroid cartilage are part of a phylogenetically and embryologically distinct group of muscles acting as an airway sphincter. According to Hast [1972], intrinsic laryngeal muscles appear to develop from one of two common sets of physiologically distinct embryological muscular anlagen. For example, the cricothyroid muscle, derived from the fourth branchial arch and inferior pharyngeal constrictor anlage, is considered a tensor in laryngeal physiology.…”

Section: Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pars Interna/Media Anatomy and Histology in the Human Larynx

Charpied

2007

Folia Phoniatr Logop

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The pars interna/media (PIM) is a small muscle found in the human larynx that has not been successfully described in contemporary literature on laryngeal structure. The objective of this study was to describe the PIM’s anatomy in detail. Thirteen human larynges obtained from postmortem examination were cleaned and preserved. Exposure of the PIM was through a lateral disarticulation of the cricothyroid joint and reflection of the cricothyroid muscle and the thyroid lamina. In the human, the PIM was found to be strap-like in form and to have two bellies with attachments to the medial surface of the thyroid cartilage at the root of the inferior horn and anteriosuperior cricoid arch. It appears to be innervated by a middle division, vestibular branch, of the internal superior laryngeal nerve. The average fiber diameter is 40 µm. Its type 1-to-type 2 fiber ratio places it within the range of other intrinsic laryngeal muscles. A muscle spindle was identified in medial bundle at the PIM’s thyroid attachment. Thyroid medial surface attachment is within few millimeters of the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage. These data show that the PIM is a robust muscle and deserves attention anatomically. Its orientation within the thyroid and nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve innervations of the human PIM may place it in the vocal fold tensor group rather than the laryngeal sphincter group. It is possible the PIM reports on cricothyroid distance and right versus left cricothyroid joint stresses. Electromyographic examination of the PIM in the Rhesus larynx may help elucidate its physiology to elaborate its human physiology.

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Early Development of the Human Laryngeal Muscles

Cited by 28 publications

References 4 publications

Reexamination of the Origin and Early Development of the Human Larynx

Reexamination of the Origin and Early Development of the Human Larynx

Is the ultimobranchial body a reality or myth: a study using serial sections of human embryos

The Pars Interna/Media Anatomy and Histology in the Human Larynx

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