Early Development of Visceral Fat Excess after Spontaneous Catch-Up Growth in Children with Low Birth Weight

Ibáñez, Lourdes; Suárez, Larisa; López‐Bermejo, Abel; Díaz, Marta; Valls, Carme; Zegher, Francis de

doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1618

Cited by 134 publications

(72 citation statements)

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“…For example, there is specific gain of visceral adipose tissue by 6 years of age in children born after intrauterine growth retardation. 34 The prospective evidence is supported by studies reporting body composition at birth as determined by magnetic resonance imaging. These show that although smaller babies have reduced subcutaneous fat with the reduction proportionate to birth size, visceral fat is preserved so that the smaller babies have relative visceral adiposity.…”

Section: The 'Mismatch' or 'Thrifty' Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 94%

“…10 Further, so-called 'catch-up' or 'compensatory' growth, accelerated growth after early nutritional restriction, may pose particular problems for later metabolic health. The deleterious effects of catch-up growth are apparent from theoretical models, 109 animal studies, 110 clinical evidence 34,111 and epidemiological studies. 65,66 The relative contributions of impaired prenatal growth and accelerated postnatal growth in such situations remain to be disentangled, although some experimental studies 112 have suggested that attenuation of catch-up growth after low birth weight is protective against later obesity.…”

Section: Final Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developmental and epigenetic pathways to obesity: an evolutionary-developmental perspective

2008

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Although variation in individual lifestyle and genotype are important factors in explaining individual variation in the risk of developing obesity in an obesogenic environment, there is growing evidence that developmentally plastic processes also contribute. These effects are mediated at least in part through epigenetic processes. These developmental pathways do not directly cause obesity but rather alter the risk of an individual developing obesity later in life. At least two classes of developmental pathway are involved. The mismatch pathway involves the evolved adaptive responses of the developing organism to anticipated future adverse environments, which have maladaptive consequences if the environment is mismatched to that predicted. This pathway can be cued by prenatal undernutrition or stresses that lead the organism to forecast an adverse future environment and change its developmental trajectory accordingly. As a result, individuals develop with central and peripheral changes that increase their sensitivity to an obesogenic environment. It provides a model for how obesity emerges in populations in rapid transition, but also operates in developed countries. There is growing experimental evidence that this pathway can be manipulated by, for example, postnatal leptin exposure. Secondly, maternal diabetes, maternal obesity and infant overfeeding are associated with a greater risk of later obesity. Early life offers a potential point for preventative intervention.

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Section: The 'Mismatch' or 'Thrifty' Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Final Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental and epigenetic pathways to obesity: an evolutionary-developmental perspective

2008

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“…These findings seem to imply that regarding weight, LGA-born children grew too fast for their GA, which had already exposed them to an elevated risk for metabolic consequences such as metabolic syndrome. 14,15 From birth onward, LGA PTs were unsuccessful in maintaining their well-balanced body proportions as their weight gain exceeded their height gain. Consequently, by the age of 4 years they were comparable to LGA FTs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Greater weight gains and relatively high BMIs imply that metabolic consequences such as metabolic syndrome are of specific concern. 14,15,21 In this study we assessed growth up to the age of 4 years, which is exactly the age span during which children are most likely to develop overweight and obesity that persists into adolescence. 22 It may be helpful to specifically use weight-forheight charts to distinguish between catch-up growth, which is expected to take place at least during infancy in PTborn children, 5,23 and excessive growth during which weight-for-height will increase and exceed the 50th percentile of the reference population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Patterns of Large for Gestational Age Children up to Age 4 Years

Bocca-Tjeertes¹,

Kerstjens²,

Reijneveld

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Preterm (PT) birth is negatively associated with growth. Particularly small for gestational age PT infants are at risk for delays in growth, whereas knowledge about the consequences regarding growth of large for gestational age PT birth is lacking.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: During infancy, growth in height, weight, and head circumference of large for gestational age PT infants was well balanced and sufficient. Subsequently, however, weight gain accelerated and resulted in high BMIs compared with the World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study population. RESULTS:We found that growth in height, weight, and head circumference of LGA PT children was well balanced during infancy and that only weight gain accelerated during subsequent years. This led to high BMIs comparable to those of LGA FT children. Being born both LGA and PT resulted in a median growth at the age of 4 years that was 0.1 SD lower for weight (P = .44), 0.1 SD lower for height (P = .48), and 0.5 SD lower for head circumference compared with LGA FT counterparts (P = .016), whereas BMI at age 4 years was equal. Compared with appropriate for gestational age (AGA) PT children, these measures for LGA PT children were 0.9 SD, 0.6 SD, and 0.4 SD (all P , .001) higher, respectively. That led to the BMI of LGA PT children at age 4 years being significantly higher (0.9 points, ie, 0.7 SD) than that of AGA PT and also higher (0.6 points, ie, 0.4 SD) than that of AGA FT children. CONCLUSIONS:The growth patterns of LGA PT-born children are distinctly different from other PT or FT children. In particular, we found substantially greater weight gains and relatively higher BMIs among them, which added to their already increased metabolic risks based on their gestational age. Pediatrics 2014;133:e643-e649 AUTHORS:

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“…. Também não se tem observado consenso dessa relação para os pré-escolares sendo descrita como positiva no estudo de VALŪNIENE et al 139 e como negativa no estudo de IBÁÑEZ et al 55,56 .…”

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Estado nutricional, composição corporal e peso ao nascer de crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade de creches públicas de Taubaté, SP

Machado¹

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DEDICATÓRIA Ao meu marido, Cláudiointernacionalmente aceitos. Para a avaliação da composição corporal utilizouse a área muscular do braço (AMB) e a área gorda do braço (AGB) em escores z e a razão CC para estatura (CC/E). As análises foram realizadas a partir dos parâmetros de tendência central, dispersão e proporções, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados -A média de peso ao nascer (PN) dos pré-escolares foi de 3150,1g com um desvio padrão (dp) de 487,7g e uma mediana de 3142,5g. As médias e os dp do escore z de estatura, peso e IMC a AMB (r P =0,52), a AGB (r P =0,66) e com a proporção da AGB (r P =0,54), p<0,0001. Já entre a razão CC/E e a proporção de AMB corrigida observou-se uma correlação inversa (r P = -0,38), p<0,0001. Conclusões -Quanto maior o peso ao nascer das crianças, maior o seu IMC na idade pré-escolar. A massa magra e a massa gorda corporal também são maiores na idade pré-escolar nas crianças com maior peso de nascimento. O importante é que nos pré-escolares com excesso de peso a massa magra é menor nos que nasceram com menor peso, sem que se observe diferença para a massa gorda corporal em função do peso ao nascer. Quanto maior a razão CC/E também será maior a quantidade de massa magra e de massa gorda corporal, contudo o aumento da razão CC/E é acompanhado por um aumento desproporcionalmente maior da massa gorda em comparação com o da magra.Descritores: criança pré-escolar, peso ao nascer, composição corporal, circunferência da cintura, sobrepeso, obesidade, indicadores de saúde. showed a direct correlation with BW (r P =0.16; p<0.0001). In the preschool sample as a whole, the higher the BW the higher the BMI (r P =0.19; p<0.0001). ABSTRACTThe median preschool children Z-score of BMI of the group born with more than 3500g was superior to the one observed in the group born with lower weight. By a multiple linear regression each increase of 1kg in the birth weight corresponds to an increase of 0,45 z scores in the BMI at preschool age. It was also observed a direct correlation between BW and the UMA (r P =0.13; p<0.0001) and the UFA (r P =0.10; p=0.003). The preschool children with excess of weight and that were born below the median of BW showed a lower UMA in comparison to those born with a weight above the median. There was no difference to the medians of UFA or WC according to birth weight. The WHtR showed a direct correlation with the BMI (r P =0.78), the UMA (r P =0.52), the UFA (r P =0.66) and the arm fat index (% fat area), r P =0.54, p<0.0001. On the other hand it was observed an inverse correlation between the WHtR and the proportion of the UMA corrected (% muscle area), r P = -0.38 and p<0.0001. Conclusions -The higher the children's birth weight, the higher their BMI in preschool age. The lean and the fat body masses are also higher in the preschool age in children with a higher birth weight. The most relevant things observed is that in preschool children with excess of weight the lean mass is lower in the ones who were born with a lower weight, and that there were...

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Early Development of Visceral Fat Excess after Spontaneous Catch-Up Growth in Children with Low Birth Weight

Abstract: The amount of visceral fat is in post-catch-up SGA children excessive by the age of 6 yr. In populations at risk for type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome after fetal growth restraint, the time window for early intervention may have to be advanced into prepubertal childhood.

Cited by 134 publications

References 14 publications

Developmental and epigenetic pathways to obesity: an evolutionary-developmental perspective

Developmental and epigenetic pathways to obesity: an evolutionary-developmental perspective

Growth Patterns of Large for Gestational Age Children up to Age 4 Years

Estado nutricional, composição corporal e peso ao nascer de crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade de creches públicas de Taubaté, SP

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