Early diagnosis of pregnancy in sows by ultrasound evaluation of embryo development and uterine echotexture

Rensis, F. De; Bigliardi, Enrico; Parmigiani, Enrico; Peters, A. R.

doi:10.1136/vr.147.10.267

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Pregnancy determination has been diagnosed based on breeding records and the presence of embryonic fluid of approximately 1.0 mm in diameter as early as day 9 gestation [19]. By day 15, the conceptus measures approximately 4.0 mm and by days 18–22 is approximately 10 mm in diameter [20]. Advanced pregnancy is associated with increased accumulation of embryonic fluid and visualization of fetal tissue.…”

Section: Reproductive Organs and Functions To Be Monitoredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles and Clinical Uses of Real-Time Ultrasonography in Female Swine Reproduction

Kauffold¹,

Peltoniemi

Wehrend

et al. 2019

Animals

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Simply SummaryReal-time ultrasonography (RTU) has become an essential diagnostic value when assessing female swine reproduction in either individual or groups of animals. Diagnostic application of RTU is applied throughout most stages of production, including gilt development, breeding, gestation and farrowing. Along with its most common use in on-farm assessment of pregnancy status, RTU is also used to troubleshoot disruptions in reproductive performance such as delayed puberty, prolonged wean-to-estrus interval, absence of post-weaning estrus, decreased conception and farrowing rates, vulval discharge, peripartum and puerperal disorders. This review aims to provide an overview on principles and clinical uses of RTU in female reproduction on commercial swine farms.AbstractWithin the past 30 years, through ongoing technology and portability developments, real-time (b-mode) ultrasonography (RTU) has increasingly become a valuable diagnostic tool in assessing the female reproductive tract in swine. Initially applied in swine production to visually determine pregnancy status, RTU use has expanded to include assessment of the peri-pubertal and mature non-pregnant females as well. Transabdominal and transrectal modalities to visualizing the reproductive tract in swine have been reported with the transabdominal approach more common due to the fact of its ease of accessibility, animal/personnel safety, and reduced time to perform. Adjustable frequency transducers are preferred as they allow optimization of image quality at various depths. If a single transducer frequency must be selected, a 5 MHz probe provides the best versatility for visualizing the reproductive tract in swine. Other basic requirements for ultrasound equipment which will be used on commercial swine farms include being light weight and easy to handle, readily cleanable and disinfectable, long battery-life, and good durability. When using RTU for pregnancy determination, diagnosis is based upon a combination of the animal’s breeding records, the presence of embryonic fluid, and, depending upon gestational stage, fetal structures. If RTU is used as a diagnostic tool in assessing reproductive problems in an individual or a group of animals, sonographic evaluation of both the uterus and ovaries is performed. Tissues are delineated and assessed based upon their echogenicity, echotexture, and size. Uses of RTU in clinical practice may include assessment of delayed puberty, prolonged wean-to-estrus interval, absence of post-weaning estrus, herd disruptions in conception and farrowing rates, vulval discharge, peripartum and puerperal disorders. This review aims to provide an overview on principles and clinical uses of RTU with respect to application to address female reproductive performance issues in commercial swine operations.

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Section: Reproductive Organs and Functions To Be Monitoredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles and Clinical Uses of Real-Time Ultrasonography in Female Swine Reproduction

Kauffold¹,

Peltoniemi

Wehrend

et al. 2019

Animals

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“…Dennoch ist bei der Wahl des Untersuchungstermins neben den Fähigkeiten des Untersuchers (unter anderem zur Ovarbeurteilung), der Produktionsrhythmik (zyklogrammge-rechte Eingliederung) und den Besuchsintervallen sicher auch die Akzeptanz hormoneller Behandlungen zu berücksichtigen, die in ihrem Spektrum hier nur unzureichend zu erörtern sind. Der Tag 21 p. i. ist prinzipiell zu empfehlen, da die Sonographie bei entsprechender Routine ausreichend genau ist (10,15,24), wenn die eingangs genannte Prämisse befolgt wird und Sauen mit gegebenenfalls zweifelhaften Befunden nochmals kontrolliert werden (15). Wie im Betrieb X bietet sich der 21.…”

Section: Nutzen Der Sonographischen Trächtigkeitsuntersuchungen Und Dunclassified

“…Falsch positive Resultate sind allerdings dann möglich, wenn graviditätsähnliche Strukturen wie uterine Flüssigkeitsansammlungen durch Eiter, Inseminat etc. (25) fehlinterpretiert werden oder treten nur scheinbar auf, wenn gravide Sauen die Früchte unbemerkt resorbieren oder abortieren (10). Beide Verfahren eignen sich hingegen offensichtlich gut für die zuverlässige Erkennung gravider Sauen [Umrauscherkontrollen: 98-100% (25); Sonographie: 97-100% (10,24)].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…(25) fehlinterpretiert werden oder treten nur scheinbar auf, wenn gravide Sauen die Früchte unbemerkt resorbieren oder abortieren (10). Beide Verfahren eignen sich hingegen offensichtlich gut für die zuverlässige Erkennung gravider Sauen [Umrauscherkontrollen: 98-100% (25); Sonographie: 97-100% (10,24)]. Wir berichteten in einer vorangegangenen Untersuchung allerdings über tragende Sauen, die zum Zeitpunkt der zu erwartenden ersten Umrausche brunstähnliche Symptome aufwiesen und suggerierten diese Tiere als Kandidaten für falsch negative Diagnosen (unerkannt positiv), die durch Umrauscherkontrollen, nicht aber durch sonographische Untersuchungen möglich sind (15).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Die ultrasonographische Trächtigkeitsuntersuchung beim Schwein

Kauffold¹,

Richter²,

Rautenberg³

et al. 2003

Tierarztl Prax Ausg G

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ZusammenfassungZiel dieser Untersuchungen war, Umrauscherkontrollen (UK) und sonographische Trächtigkeitsuntersuchungen (ST) in ihrer Effizienz bei der Erkennung gravider und ingravider Sauen zu vergleichen. Insgesamt wurden 7983 Trächtigkeitsuntersuchungen in einem Schweinezuchtbetrieb ausgewertet. UK erfolgten zwischen den Tagen 18 und 21 (UK1) bzw. 28 (UK2) nach der Besamung (p. i.) zweimal täglich durch zwei Personen mit einem Eber, ST an den Tagen 21 (2367 Alt-, 683 Jungsauen) oder 28 p. i. (3608 Alt-, 1325 Jungsauen) jeweils einmal transkutan unter Verwendung eines 5-MHz-Linearschallkopfes. Durch UK wurden während UK1 weniger ingravide (40,4 vs. 63%; p ≤ 0,05), aber mehr gravide Sauen als während UK2 erkannt (99,6 vs. 96,9%; p ≤ 0,001). Mehr Altals Jungsauen hatten während UK2 umgerauscht (71,6 vs. 47,9%; p ≤ 0,001). Insgesamt wurde bei 124 Sauen eine falsch negative Diagnose gestellt, da sie trotz Gravidität brunstähnliche Symptome aufwiesen. Alle wurden besamt oder bedeckt, 4,8% abortierten. Es ist zu schlussfolgern, dass die sonographische Trächtigkeitsuntersuchung gravide und ingravide Sauen effizienter erfasst als die Umrauscherkontrollen. Sonographische Untersuchungen am 21. Tag p. i. sind zu empfehlen, da kürzere Zeit p. i. bei mehr Tieren eine richtige Diagnose gestellt werden kann. Dadurch lassen sich Fehlbelegungen vermeiden und Leertage reduzieren.

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“…Doppler and A‐mode technique can be used reliably but only from 28 to 30 days post‐insemination onwards (Almond and Dial 1987). B‐mode ultrasound scanning permits to visualize the genital tract of the sows (De Rensis et al. 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of Trans‐abdominal Ultrasound Pregnancy Diagnosis in Sows using a Linear or Sector Probe

Maes

Dewulf

Vanderhaeghe

et al. 2006

Reprod Domestic Animals

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The assessment of an early and reliable pregnancy diagnosis in sows is very important for limiting the number of non-productive days in sow herds. The aim of the present study was to investigate the accuracy of trans-abdominal ultrasound detection for early pregnancy diagnosis in sows under field conditions. Particular attention was paid to the time when a reliable diagnosis can be made, and to possible differences between two commonly used types of scanners. In total, 202 sows from two herds were tested daily with scanners A (linear transducer of 5 MHz) and B (sector transducer of 3.5 MHz) from day 16 until 25 after insemination. Ninety-three percentage of the sows were pregnant 36 days after insemination. Using ultrasound, the first pregnancy could be detected already 18 days after insemination. The sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy were higher than 95% from day 24 (scanner A) or day 23 (scanner B) post-insemination onwards. The positive predictive values from day 19 onwards were consistently higher than 95% with both types of scanners, whereas the negative predictive values were consistently low for both scanners during the entire period. The sensitivity of testing tended to be slightly lower in sows with a litter size of <10 total born piglets, compared to sows with 10 or more piglets. In conclusion, pregnancy diagnosis in sows using trans-abdominal ultrasound testing can be assessed quickly and reliably under field conditions from day 23 of gestation onwards. Predictive values of positive test results were high in these herds, whereas those of negative test results were low. This implies that sows with a negative test result early in pregnancy should be retested later.

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Early diagnosis of pregnancy in sows by ultrasound evaluation of embryo development and uterine echotexture

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Principles and Clinical Uses of Real-Time Ultrasonography in Female Swine Reproduction

Principles and Clinical Uses of Real-Time Ultrasonography in Female Swine Reproduction

Die ultrasonographische Trächtigkeitsuntersuchung beim Schwein

Accuracy of Trans‐abdominal Ultrasound Pregnancy Diagnosis in Sows using a Linear or Sector Probe

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