Early effects of atmospheric ammonia deposition on Calluna vulgaris (L.) hull growing on an ombrotrophic peat bog

Carfrae, J. A.; Sheppard, Lucy J.; Raven, John A.; Leith, Ian D.; Stein, W.; Crossley, A.; Theobald, Mark R.

doi:10.1007/s11267-005-3033-9

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In addition to the impact of NH 3 on human health and the environment from aerosol formation, the contribution of anthropogenic NH 3 to reactive nitrogen deposition in the form of NH 3 and NH + 4 (and associated NO − 3 ) impacts the nitrogen cascade [57,60,63] and poses a threat to sensitive ecosystems [84,92,176]. Excessive deposition of NH 3 causes eutrophication in surface water and soil acidification (e.g., [28,43,126,132,168]) and can further cause nutrient imbalances in sensitive ecosystems [105].…”

Section: Impacts Of Atmospheric Nhmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and Impacts of Atmospheric NH3: Current Understanding and Frontiers for Modeling, Measurements, and Remote Sensing in North America

et al. 2015

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Ammonia (NH 3 ) contributes to widespread adverse health impacts, affects the climate forcing of ambient aerosols, and is a significant component of reactive nitrogen, deposition of which threatens many sensitive ecosystems. Historically, the scarcity of in situ measurements and the complexity of gas-to-aerosol NH 3 partitioning have contributed to large uncertainties in our knowledge of its sources and distributions. However, recent progress in measurements and modeling has afforded new opportunities for improving our understanding of NH 3 and the role it plays in these important environmental issues. In the past few years, passive measurements of NH 3 have been added to monitoring networks throughout the USA, now in place at more than 60 stations, while mobile measurements

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Section: Impacts Of Atmospheric Nhmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and Impacts of Atmospheric NH3: Current Understanding and Frontiers for Modeling, Measurements, and Remote Sensing in North America

et al. 2015

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“…Excess deposition in terrestrial ecosystems leads to soil acidification and loss of biodiversity (e.g. Carfrae et al, 2004); and in coastal ecosystems causes eutrophication, algal blooms, and loss of fish and shellfish (e.g. Paerl et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) satellite observations of tropospheric ammonia

2015

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Abstract.Observations of atmospheric ammonia are important in understanding and modelling the impact of ammonia on both human health and the natural environment. We present a detailed description of a robust retrieval algorithm that demonstrates the capabilities of utilizing Crosstrack Infrared Sounder (CrIS) satellite observations to globally retrieval ammonia concentrations. Initial ammonia retrieval results using both simulated and real observations show that (i) CrIS is sensitive to ammonia in the boundary layer with peak vertical sensitivity typically around ∼ 850-750 hPa (∼ 1.5 to 2.5 km), which can dip down close to the surface (∼ 900 hPa) under ideal conditions, (ii) it has a minimum detection limit of ∼ 1 ppbv (peak profile value typically at the surface), and (iii) the information content can vary significantly with maximum values of ∼ 1 degree-of-freedom for signal. Comparisons of the retrieval with simulated "true" profiles show a small positive retrieval bias of 6 % with a standard deviation of ∼ ±20 % (ranging from ±12 to ±30 % over the vertical profile). Note that these uncertainty estimates are considered as lower bound values as no potential systematic errors are included in the simulations. The CrIS NH 3 retrieval applied over the Central Valley in CA, USA, demonstrates that CrIS correlates well with the spatial variability of the boundary layer ammonia concentrations seen by the nearby Quantum Cascade-Laser (QCL) in situ surface and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) satellite observations as part of the DISCOVER-AQ campaign. The CrIS and TES ammonia observations show quantitatively similar retrieved boundary layer values that are often within the uncertainty of the two observations. Also demonstrated is CrIS's ability to capture the expected spatial distribution in the ammonia concentrations, from elevated values in the Central Valley from anthropogenic agriculture emissions, to much lower values in the unpolluted or clean surrounding mountainous regions. These initial results demonstrate the capabilities of the CrIS satellite to measure ammonia.

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“…Agricultural emissions of NH 3 can be highly variable due to factors such as the differences in fertilizer application, the diet provided to livestock, and waste management and storage practices of farmers (Hristov et al, 2011;Sawycky et al, 2014). In addition, while NH 3(g) can be quickly deposited to the surface, causing soil acidification, water eutrophication, and an imbalance of ecosystems when in excess (e.g., Carfrae et al, 2004), the air-surface exchange of NH 3 is bi-directional, with the direction of the NH 3 flux between the land and the atmosphere varying with temperature, relative humidity, vegetation and soil type, maintenance (e.g., cutting and tilling practices), and fertilizer applications (Nemitz et al, 2001;Zhang et al, 2010;Ellis et al, 2011;Bash et al, 2013;Sawycky et al, 2014). This complexity in the emission and deposition of NH 3 , along with the rapid reactions of NH 3 with HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 and the consequently short (∼ 1-day) atmospheric lifetime of NH 3 , leads to large temporal and spatial variability as seen in in situ measurements (e.g., Langford et al, 1992;Carmichael et al, 2003;Nowak et al, 2010;Walker et al, 2013) and in satellite retrievals (e.g., Clarisse et al, 2013;Pinder et al, 2011;Heald et al, 2012;Sun et al, 2015;Shephard et al, 2011.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the diurnal variability of agricultural ammonia in Bakersfield, California, during the CalNex campaign

Lonsdale¹,

Hegarty²,

Cady‐Pereira³

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. NH3 retrievals from the NASA Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), as well as surface and aircraft observations of NH3(g) and submicron NH4(p), are used to evaluate modeled concentrations of NH3(g) and NH4(p) from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) during the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) campaign. We find that simulations of NH3 driven with the California Air Resources Board (CARB) emission inventory are qualitatively and spatially consistent with TES satellite observations, with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.64. However, the surface observations at Bakersfield indicate a diurnal cycle in the model bias, with CMAQ overestimating surface NH3 at night and underestimating it during the day. The surface, satellite, and aircraft observations all suggest that daytime NH3 emissions in the CARB inventory are underestimated by at least a factor of 2, while the nighttime overestimate of NH3(g) is likely due to a combination of overestimated NH3 emissions and underestimated deposition.Running CMAQ v5.0.2 with the bi-directional NH3 scheme reduces NH3 concentrations at night and increases them during the day. This reduces the model bias when compared to the surface and satellite observations, but the increased concentrations aloft significantly increase the bias relative to the aircraft observations. We attempt to further reduce model bias by using the surface observations at Bakersfield to derive an empirical diurnal cycle of NH3 emissions in the SJV, in which nighttime and midday emissions differ by about a factor of 4.5. Running CMAQv5.0.2 with a bi-directional NH3 scheme together with this emissions diurnal profile further reduces model bias relative to the surface observations. Comparison of these simulations with the vertical profile retrieved by TES shows little bias except for the lowest retrieved level, but the model bias relative to flight data aloft increases slightly. Our results indicate that both diurnally varying emissions and a bi-directional NH3 scheme should be applied when modeling NH3(g) and NH4(p) in this region. The remaining model errors suggest that the bi-directional NH3 scheme in CMAQ v5.0.2 needs further improvements to shift the peak NH3 land–atmosphere flux to earlier in the day. We recommend that future work include updates to the current CARB NH3 inventory to account for NH3 from fertilizer application, livestock, and other farming practices separately; adding revised information on crop management practices specific to the SJV region to the bi-directional NH3 scheme; and top-down studies focused on determining the diurnally varying biases in the canopy compensation point that determines the net land–atmosphere NH3 fluxes.

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Early effects of atmospheric ammonia deposition on Calluna vulgaris (L.) hull growing on an ombrotrophic peat bog

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Sources and Impacts of Atmospheric NH3: Current Understanding and Frontiers for Modeling, Measurements, and Remote Sensing in North America

Sources and Impacts of Atmospheric NH3: Current Understanding and Frontiers for Modeling, Measurements, and Remote Sensing in North America

Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) satellite observations of tropospheric ammonia

Modeling the diurnal variability of agricultural ammonia in Bakersfield, California, during the CalNex campaign

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