Early Environmental Stress and Infantile Autism

Harper, Juliet; Williams, Sara

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1974.tb47736.x

Cited by 27 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, there appears to be variation in the types of unfavourable events reported. For example, in their study Harper and Williams (1974) stress the finding of difficult and complicated labours as well as complications of pregnancy. Labour difficulties were also reported by Lobascher et al (1970) as well as problems in the neonate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre‐. Peri‐, and Neonatal Factors and Infantile Autism

Finegan

Quarrington

1979

Child Psychology Psychiatry

127

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SUMMARY Unfavourable pre‐, peri‐ and neonatal events in the birth records of autistic children were examined. The rate of those factors was compared with the expected rate in the general population and the rate in their non‐autistic siblings. Several potentially neuropathogenic factors occurred at a significantly high rate in the autistic group, including breech delivery, the presence of amniotic meconium, low birth weight, low Apgar score, elevated serum bilirubin, haemolytic disease and Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The autistic children had significantly more unfavourable factors than did their siblings. The study supports the findings of investigations which concluded that autistic children have suffered a high rate of obstetrical events which may have caused brain damage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre‐. Peri‐, and Neonatal Factors and Infantile Autism

Finegan

Quarrington

1979

Child Psychology Psychiatry

127

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“…It is remarkable that the increased risk for schizophrenia was also observed in the second generation of immigrants (2). Increased risks in immigrants have similarly been observed on both sides of the schizophrenia spectrum: in other types of psychosis (5–8) and in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism in children born to immigrant parents (9–18). However, no increased risk has been found for other mental disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As most authors now consider schizophrenia to be a neurodevelopmental disorder, the similarities in the epidemiology of schizophrenia and that of autism regarding immigrant status and skin color are striking. The rates of autism are very elevated in children of immigrants compared with those of native populations, and especially in children of dark skinned immigrant mothers (9–18). In children of black mothers in the US the risks are augmented, but less so (124, 125).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnic origin and increased risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration

Dealberto

2010

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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Ethnic origin and increased risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration Dealberto M-J. Ethnic origin and increased risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration.Objectives: Compare the risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration. Compare prevalence and incidence rates in black subjects under different conditions. Method: An electronic literature search was complemented by review articles and cross-references. Studies reporting standard diagnosis and incidence or prevalence rates were included. Results: Immigrants had an increased risk for schizophrenia in countries of longstanding immigration, but with lower risk ratios than in those of recent immigration. The risk was higher in black immigrants and the black population living in the United States. But incidence and prevalence rates in Africa and the Caribbean were similar to those of international studies. Conclusion: Comparing the most recent generation of immigrants with descendants of previous ones may account for the lower risk ratios observed in countries of longstanding vs. recent immigration. Two neurobiological hypotheses are proposed to explain the epidemiological findings in black populations and in immigrants.

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“…A number of studies have examined plasma levels of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones in patients with autistic disorder. Much of the impetus to study adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, stress hormones secreted by the pituitary and adrenal respectively, has come from the apparent heightened anxiety and disordered arousal often seen in patients with autism (Bergman & Escalona, 1949; Requests for reprints to: Dr George M. Anderson, Yale Child Study Center, PO Box 207900, New Haven, CT 06520, U.S.A. & Williams, 1974;Hutt, Hutt, Lee, & Ounsted, 1964, 1965Ratey et al, 1987). Although studies of plasma y9endorphin (BE) typically have been undertaken in hopes of assessing central opioid functioning in autism, it is clear that plasma BE is secreted along with ACTH and that it too should be considered an HPA hormone (Kjaer, Knippe, Bach, & Warberg, 1992;Lacoumenta et al, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma β‐Endorphin, Adrenocorticotropin Hormone, and Cortisol in Autism

Tordjman

Anderson

McBride

et al. 1997

Child Psychology Psychiatry

134

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Plasma levels of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones beta-endorphin (BE), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), and cortisol were measured in autistic (N = 48), mentally retarded/cognitively impaired (MR/CI, N = 16), and normal control (N = 26) individuals. Comparison of log transformed data from the three groups revealed that levels of BE and ACTH were significantly higher (p < .05) in the autistic individuals than in normal controls. The higher means in the autistic group were due to significantly higher plasma levels of BE and ACTH, indices of acute stress response, in the more severely affected individuals. The data support the idea that individuals with severe autism have a heightened response to acute stressors rather than chronic hyperarousal or elevated basal stress response system functioning.

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Early Environmental Stress and Infantile Autism

Cited by 27 publications

References 15 publications

Pre‐. Peri‐, and Neonatal Factors and Infantile Autism

Pre‐. Peri‐, and Neonatal Factors and Infantile Autism

Ethnic origin and increased risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration

Plasma β‐Endorphin, Adrenocorticotropin Hormone, and Cortisol in Autism

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