Early growth and postprandial appetite regulatory hormone responses

Abstract

Strong epidemiological evidence suggests that slow prenatal or postnatal growth is associated with an increased risk of CVD and other metabolic diseases. However, little is known whether early growth affects postprandial metabolism and, especially, the appetite regulatory hormone system. Therefore, we investigated the impact of early growth on postprandial appetite regulatory hormone responses to two high-protein and two high-fat content meals. Healthy, 65-75-year-old volunteers from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study were recruited; twelve with a slow increase in BMI during the first year of life (SGI group) and twelve controls. Subjects ate a test meal (whey meal, casein meal, SFA meal and PUFA meal) once in a random order. Plasma glucose, insulin, TAG, NEFA, ghrelin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 and a satiety profile were measured in the fasting state and for 4 h after each test meal. Compared with the controls, the SGI group had about 1·5-fold higher insulin responses after the whey meal (P¼ 0·037), casein meal (P¼0·023) and PUFA meal (P¼ 0·002). TAG responses were 34 -69 % higher for the SGI group, but only the PUFA-meal responses differed significantly between the groups. The PYY response of the SGI group was 44 % higher after the whey meal (P¼ 0·046) and 115 % higher after the casein meal (P¼ 0·025) compared with the controls. No other statistically significant differences were seen between the groups. In conclusion, early growth may have a role in programming appetite regulatory hormone secretion in later life. Slow early growth is also associated with higher postprandial insulin and TAG responses but not with incretin levels.

Appetite-regulating hormones in early life and relationships with type of feeding and body composition in healthy term infants

“…In addition, we found that higher levels of PYY were associated with a lower weight for length SDS at 3 months. These results are in line with the data of Helsinki Birth Cohort Study, where they found higher PYY levels in adulthood when the infants had a lower growth rate during infancy [28]. Our study shows that these differences can already be found in early life.…”

Appetite‐regulating hormones and anthropometric indicators of infants according to the type of feeding

“…It inhibits gastric motility; consequently, it increases the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after a meal and increases the absorption of water and electrolytes in the colon. It seems obvious that the concentration of peptide YY, in particular, would have individual and important regulatory mechanisms in the infant who is in a crucial stage of accelerated growth (Breij et al, ; Perälä et al, ). Breij et al () have reported that breastfed infants have higher Peptide YY concentrations, which could be a link to the protective role against obesity in exclusive breastfeeding.…”

Programmed hyperphagia secondary to increased hypothalamic SIRT1

“…Thus, overweight individuals may well experience an enhanced orexigenic drive and a reduced satiety sensation, potentially overwhelming conscious dietary regulation. Human epidemiologic studies, including the Dutch winter famine, confirm the potential for programmed hyperphagia and obesity (Lussana et al, 2008;Perala et al, 2013). The results of the present study provide insight into the neurodevelopmental mechanisms by which this dysfunctional appetite network is formed.…”