Early History, in Part Esoteric, of the Hookworm (Uncinariasis) Campaign in Our Southern United States

Stiles, C. W.

doi:10.2307/3272014

Cited by 47 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Soil-transmitted helminth infections were highly prevalent in the southern parts of the USA and elsewhere in the now-developed world less than a century ago (Stiles, 1939;Stoll, 1947). Treatment of infected individuals and improved sanitation together with socioeconomic development have led to the elimination of hookworm disease as a public health problem in the southern USA (Brown, 1976) and may explain the recent declines observed in Southeast Asia (de Silva et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FLOTAC: a new sensitive technique for the diagnosis of hookworm infections in humans

Utzinger

Rinaldi

Lohourignon

et al. 2008

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygi

125

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Summary Hookworms infect more than 10% of the world's population, but current diagnostic tools have drawbacks. Our objective was to compare the diagnostic performance of three methods (Kato-Katz, ether concentration and FLOTAC techniques) for hookworm diagnosis. Stool samples were obtained from 102 schoolchildren in Côte d'Ivoire. First, a duplicate 41.7 mg Kato-Katz thick smear was prepared. Next, a small portion of stool (mean weight 1.8 g) was preserved in sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin and forwarded to a European laboratory. These samples were split in three parts, one processed by an ether concentration technique and two by the FLOTAC technique. All samples were examined by experienced technicians for hookworm eggs using light microscopy. The observed hookworm prevalences as assessed by the FLOTAC, Kato-Katz and ether concentration techniques were 65.7%, 51.0% and 28.4%, respectively. Considering the combined results as the diagnostic 'gold' standard, the FLOTAC technique had a sensitivity of 88.2% compared with 68.4% for the Kato-Katz and 38.2% for the ether concentration techniques. The Kato-Katz method resulted in a significantly higher mean number of eggs per gram of stool (155.8 EPG) compared with the FLOTAC (37.7 EPG) and ether concentration (5.7 EPG) methods. The FLOTAC method shows promise as an important new tool for individual hookworm diagnosis and for rigorous monitoring of helminth control programmes. [Clinical Trial No. ISRCTN21782274].

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FLOTAC: a new sensitive technique for the diagnosis of hookworm infections in humans

Utzinger

Rinaldi

Lohourignon

et al. 2008

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygi

125

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“…7,8 For nearly a century, this deworming strategy has, unfortunately, rarely been accompanied by adequate prevention programs. 9 Considerable efforts have been made to develop a vaccine against hookworm, and thus far, more than 20 proteins have been explored as potential vaccine antigen targets. 3,10 However, there is still a long way to go before an effective hookworm vaccine might eventually become available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systems Metabolic Effects of a Necator americanus Infection in Syrian Hamster

et al. 2009

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Hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) are blood-feeding intestinal nematodes that infect ∼700 million people worldwide. To further our understanding of the systems metabolic response of the mammalian host to hookworm infection, we employed a metabolic profiling strategy involving the combination of 1 H NMR spectroscopic analysis of urine and serum and multivariate data analysis techniques to investigate the biochemical consequences of a N. americanus infection in the hamster. The infection was characterized by altered energy metabolism, consistent with hookworminduced anemia. Additionally, disturbance of gut microbiotal activity was associated with a N. americanus infection, manifested in the alterations of microbial-mammalian cometabolites, including phenylacetylglycine, p-cresol glucuronide, 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-phenylpropionic acid, hippurate, 4-hydroxyphenylactate, and dimethylamine. The correlation between worm burden and metabolite concentrations also reflected a changed energy metabolism and gut microbial state. Furthermore, elevated levels of urinary 2-aminoadipate was a characteristic feature of the infection, which may be associated with the documented neurological consequences of hookworm infection.

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“…It is useful to juxtapose the ongoing work of engineering NGOs with a recent overview of recommendations from the United Nations Millennium Project Task Force on Water and Sanitation, which has the promising title, ''Focusing on improved water and sanitation for health'' (13). Although the author admirably emphasizes the advantages of management of water resources for the improvement of health and even indicates the need for a health management plan linked to water resource development, the specifics on ''actions required from the health community'' are devoid of any mention of fostering linkages with the engineering community that is already engaged in the provision of clean water and sanitation.…”

Section: Engineering and Health: Two Islands In Need Of A Ferry Servicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This amounts to an intensive concentration on the process of deworming infected individuals and doing nothing to prevent reworming, a decidedly nonsustainable set of programs whose objectives are, nevertheless, the promotion of improved health. It is curious that well documented evidence from the past [e.g., hookworm elimination in the southern United States nearly 100 years ago (13)] that indicates the critical importance of both deworming and prevention of reworming in a common program to ensure sustainability is largely ignored in the contemporary initiatives. A recent editorial (8) focused on the disease burden of what are referred to as ''neglected tropical diseases,'' precisely the intestinal parasites and geohelminths mentioned above, is a useful case in point.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bridges to sustainable tropical health

Singer

Castro²

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Ensuring sustainable health in the tropics will require bridge building between communities that currently have a limited track record of interaction. It will also require new organizational innovation if much of the negative health consequences of large-scale economic development projects are to be equitably mitigated, if not prevented. We focus attention on three specific contexts: (i) forging linkages between the engineering and health communities to implement clean water and sanitation on a broad scale to prevent reworming, after the current deworming-only programs, of people by diverse intestinal parasites; (ii) building integrated human and animal disease surveillance infrastructure and technical capacity in tropical countries on the reporting and scientific evidence requirements of the sanitary and phytosanitary agreement under the World Trade Organization; and (iii) developing an independent and equitable organizational structure for health impact assessments as well as monitoring and mitigation of health consequences of economic development projects. Effective global disease surveillance and timely early warning of new outbreaks will require a far closer integration of veterinary and human medicine than heretofore. Many of the necessary surveillance components exist within separate animal-and human-oriented organizations. The challenge is to build the necessary bridges between them.global surveillance ͉ health impact assessment ͉ sustainable health ͉ water and sanitation

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Early History, in Part Esoteric, of the Hookworm (Uncinariasis) Campaign in Our Southern United States

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

FLOTAC: a new sensitive technique for the diagnosis of hookworm infections in humans

FLOTAC: a new sensitive technique for the diagnosis of hookworm infections in humans

Systems Metabolic Effects of a Necator americanus Infection in Syrian Hamster

Bridges to sustainable tropical health

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