“…Seven of the studies (30%) had an active comparison group, three of which were treatment as usual (Balottin et al, 2014;Rossouw & Fonagy, 2012;Salzer et al, 2013), while the other four compared psychoanalytic treatment to therapeutic approaches including cognitive-behavioural therapy, family therapy and psychosocial interventions (Goodyer et al, 2016;Kolaitis et al, 2014;Laezer, 2015;Ryynänen et al, 2015). Of the remaining studies, four (24%) had a passive comparison group as they had a waitlist control group (Edlund & Carlberg, 2016;Edlund et al, 2014;Göttken et al, 2014;Weitkamp et al, 2014), while two (12%) used a community comparison group (Atzil-Slonim et al, 2011 and five (29%) had no control group or did not report outcomes of the control group (Clausen et al, 2012;Emanuel et al, 2014;Gatta et al, 2016;Krischer et al, 2013;Milrod et al, 2013;Salzer et al, 2014;Seiffge-Krenke & Nitzko, 2011;Stefini et al, 2013;Sugar & Berkovitz, 2011a, 2011b. The finding that only a third of the studies had a suitable active comparison group is perhaps unsurprising given that many of the studies were observational and carried out in naturalistic settings.…”