Early Jurassic magnetostratigraphy and paleolatitudes from the Hartford continental rift basin (eastern North America): Testing for polarity bias and abrupt polar wander in association with the central Atlantic magmatic province

Kent, Dennis V.; Olsen, Paul E.

doi:10.1029/2007jb005407

Cited by 78 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 127 publications

(184 reference statements)

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“…2), with the interval between them being calibrated by the NBAGPTS, magneto-and cyclostratigraphy (7,17), and radioisotopic ages (21) (SI Text). Given these constraints and any range of plausible accumulation rates for St. Audrie's Bay, available carbon data can be compared to the eastern North American records described here.…”

Section: Carbon Isotope Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2). The combined section is registered to the marine record by high-resolution magnetostratigraphy (17,18), high-precision U-Pb ages, and cyclostratigraphy (7,19), and spans the late Rhaetian of the Late Triassic to the early Sinemurian of the Early Jurassic (Fig. 2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A hierarchy of Milankovitchforced lake level cycles permeate the sampled strata in these basins, and in conjunction with a high sediment accumulation rate and magnetostratigraphic and radioisotopic calibration (SI Text and Datasets S1-S3), a 2.4 m.y. unbroken record of events surrounding the ETE can be placed into the high-precision (<20 ky) Newark/Hartford basin astronomically calibrated geomagnetic polarity time scale (NBAGPTS) (15)(16)(17) (Fig. 2).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Compound-specific carbon isotopes from Earth’s largest flood basalt eruptions directly linked to the end-Triassic mass extinction

Whiteside

Olsen

Eglinton

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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228

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A leading hypothesis explaining Phanerozoic mass extinctions and associated carbon isotopic anomalies is the emission of greenhouse, other gases, and aerosols caused by eruptions of continental flood basalt provinces. However, the necessary serial relationship between these eruptions, isotopic excursions, and extinctions has never been tested in geological sections preserving all three records. The end-Triassic extinction (ETE) at 201.4 Ma is among the largest of these extinctions and is tied to a large negative carbon isotope excursion, reflecting perturbations of the carbon cycle including a transient increase in CO 2 . The cause of the ETE has been inferred to be the eruption of the giant Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP). Here, we show that carbon isotopes of leaf wax derived lipids (n-alkanes), wood, and total organic carbon from two orbitally paced lacustrine sections interbedded with the CAMP in eastern North America show similar excursions to those seen in the mostly marine St. Audrie's Bay section in England. Based on these results, the ETE began synchronously in marine and terrestrial environments slightly before the oldest basalts in eastern North America but simultaneous with the eruption of the oldest flows in Morocco, a CO 2 super greenhouse, and marine biocalcification crisis. Because the temporal relationship between CAMP eruptions, mass extinction, and the carbon isotopic excursions are shown in the same place, this is the strongest case for a volcanic cause of a mass extinction to date.astrochronology | CO2 | Jurassic | large igneous provinces | n-alkane P lants record through photosynthetic pathways the atmospheric values of δ 13 C that in turn reflect the exchangeable surface oceanic carbon reservoir (1). One of the most direct known plant proxies is the δ 13 C alk measurements of n-C 25 -n-C 31 n-alkanes derived from leaf wax lipids of plant cuticles (2). We analyzed δ 13 C alk , the carbon isotopic composition of wood (δ 13 C wood ), and total organic carbon (δ 13 C toc ) from sediments from two overlapping lacustrine sections interbedded with the lavas of the Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP) (3) in eastern North America to obtain a carbon isotope record unambiguously tied to the eruptions and climate proxies to compare with and calibrate organic carbon and carbonate δ 13 C records from elsewhere (3-7). This allows direct determination of the relationship between one of the largest Phanerozoic mass extinctions, the end-Triassic extinction (ETE) (8), carbon isotopic and CO 2 (9) excursions, the biocalcification crisis (10), and their proposed cause, the CAMP (3, 11-13). Core and outcrop samples were obtained from the Newark (New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) and Hartford (Connecticut and Massachusetts) rift basins at 19-20°N paleolatitude (14) in the tropical humid to arid transition of central Pangea (Fig. 1). A hierarchy of Milankovitchforced lake level cycles permeate the sampled strata in these basins, and in conjunction with a high sediment accumulation rate and ...

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Section: Carbon Isotope Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Compound-specific carbon isotopes from Earth’s largest flood basalt eruptions directly linked to the end-Triassic mass extinction

Whiteside

Olsen

Eglinton

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

228

177

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“…Best known is the Newark basin that, during the approximately 32 My. covered by its continuously cored record (11,12), translated northward with central Pangea, transecting zonal climate belts from the equator to 20°N (8,13,14). The astrochronologic and paleomagnetic polarity constraints on this sequence allow tight temporal calibration and correlation to other basin sections in eastern North America (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatically driven biogeographic provinces of Late Triassic tropical Pangea

Whiteside

Grogan

Olsen

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Although continents were coalesced into the single landmass Pangea, Late Triassic terrestrial tetrapod assemblages are surprisingly provincial. In eastern North America, we show that assemblages dominated by traversodont cynodonts are restricted to a humid 6°equatorial swath that persisted for over 20 million years characterized by "semiprecessional" (approximately 10,000-y) climatic fluctuations reflected in stable carbon isotopes and sedimentary facies in lacustrine strata. More arid regions from 5-20°N preserve procolophonid-dominated faunal assemblages associated with a much stronger expression of approximately 20,000-y climatic cycles. In the absence of geographic barriers, we hypothesize that these variations in the climatic expression of astronomical forcing produced latitudinal climatic zones that sorted terrestrial vertebrate taxa, perhaps by excretory physiology, into distinct biogeographic provinces tracking latitude, not geographic position, as the proto-North American plate translated northward. Although the early Mesozoic is usually assumed to be characterized by globally distributed land animal communities due to of a lack of geographic barriers, strong provinciality was actually the norm, and nearly global communities were present only after times of massive ecological disruptions.biotic provinciality | Cynodontia | orbital forcing | Procolophonidae | latitudinal gradient G eographic and climatic barriers are among the main constraints on the distribution of organisms. During the Late Triassic, Pangea lacked significant geographic barriers nearly pole-to-pole, and was warm and equable without glaciation or sea ice (1). Nonetheless, when correlated temporally by nonbiostratigraphic means, diverse Late Triassic continental faunal and floral assemblages display dramatic differences across paleolatitude (e.g., refs. 2-4) (Fig. 1). Although the equator-to-pole temperature gradients may have been relatively weak, Milankovitchtype climatic variability expressed in precipitation and evaporation was nonetheless very important (5-8). Then, as now (9,10), this scale of temporal variability may have played a critical role in structuring terrestrial communities, and thus early Mesozoic sequences provide a unique window into the link between climate variability and biotic provinciality.Here, we focus on the tropical regions of Late Triassic central Pangea and the role of traversodont cynodonts (basal synapsids) and procolophonids (parareptiles) as possible ecologically equivalent herbivores (Fig. 2) under different climatic regimes. We test the correlation between climate variability and biotic provinces within narrow swaths of time constrained by astrochronology, paleomagnetic polarity stratigraphy, and paleomagnetically determined plate position from long [>5 million years (My)] lacustrine and associated fluvial records spanning 30°of paleolatitude. We show that faunal composition tracks different modes of orbitally forced climate variability that maintained Pangean faunal provinces and suggest that this may...

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“…From 170 Ma to about 200 Ma the GPTS is not continuous and is based on the correlation of terrestrial sequences from England, France, Switzerland, Spain, and Austria (Gradstein et al, 2004). From 199.4-202 Ma, the Newark Basin provides an astronomically-calibrated GPTS (Kent and Olsen, 2008). Before 202 Ma the reversals of the geomagnetic field are fairly well-documented by land sequences back into the Carboniferous (Hounslow and Muttoni, 2010;Gradstein et al, 2012;Opdyke et al, in press).…”

Section: Wwwfrontiersinorgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grand challenges in geomagnetism and paleomagnetism

Kodama

2013

Front. Earth Sci.

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Early Jurassic magnetostratigraphy and paleolatitudes from the Hartford continental rift basin (eastern North America): Testing for polarity bias and abrupt polar wander in association with the central Atlantic magmatic province

Cited by 78 publications

References 127 publications

Compound-specific carbon isotopes from Earth’s largest flood basalt eruptions directly linked to the end-Triassic mass extinction

Compound-specific carbon isotopes from Earth’s largest flood basalt eruptions directly linked to the end-Triassic mass extinction

Climatically driven biogeographic provinces of Late Triassic tropical Pangea

Grand challenges in geomagnetism and paleomagnetism

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