“…The growing number of early second and foreign language teaching programmes has been paralleled by an increase in research contributions, particularly over the past ten years. Edited volumes on research-informed practice (Bland, 2015;García Mayo, 2017;Moon & Nikolov, 2000;Mourão & Lourenço, 2015;Murphy & Evangelou, 2016;Nikolov, 2009;Philp, Oliver, & Mackey, 2008;Rokita--Jaśkow & Ellis, 2019; among others), research methods (Enever & Lindgren, 2017;Pinter & Zandian, 2014), assessment (Nikolov, 2017;Prosic--Santovac & Rixon, 2019), teacher education (Zein & Garton, 2017) and global policies (Enever & Moon, 2009), special issues on young learners (Enever & Lindgren, 2016;Copland & Garton, 2014), monographs (Murphy, 2014;Pinter, 2011) and handbooks (Garton & Copland, 2019) all contribute to expanding research on instructed early language learning. However, the teaching and learning strategies and the outcomes of early language teaching policies in pre--primary and primary school settings remain under--researched in comparison to other age groups (i.e., university learners or adolescent learners) and same age groups in second language or immersion settings (Collins & Muñoz, 2016) and their findings from studies on the latter groups cannot be extended to YLs on account of age and/or context--related differences.…”