Early-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle?

O’Mahony, Siobhain M.; Clarke, Gerard; Dinan, Timothy G.; Cryan, John F.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.068

Cited by 176 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 292 publications

(297 reference statements)

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“…During dynamic periods of life, including infancy, puberty and aging, the composition of the microbiota shows high instability and variability that correlate with age-and sex-specific disease risk. Such evidence further underscores the adaptive contribution of the gut microbiome during distinct life stages [49,[68][69][70][71][72][73].…”

Section: Sex Differences In the Gut Microbiome-brain Axismentioning

confidence: 71%

Sex differences in the gut microbiome–brain axis across the lifespan

Jašarević

Morrison

Bale

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

231

167

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In recent years, the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain has emerged as a factor that influences immunity, metabolism, neurodevelopment and behaviour. Cross-talk between the gut and brain begins early in life immediately following the transition from a sterile in utero environment to one that is exposed to a changing and complex microbial milieu over a lifetime. Once established, communication between the gut and brain integrates information from the autonomic and enteric nervous systems, neuroendocrine and neuroimmune signals, and peripheral immune and metabolic signals. Importantly, the composition and functional potential of the gut microbiome undergoes many transitions that parallel dynamic periods of brain development and maturation for which distinct sex differences have been identified. Here, we discuss the sexually dimorphic development, maturation and maintenance of the gut microbiome–brain axis, and the sex differences therein important in disease risk and resilience throughout the lifespan.

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Section: Sex Differences In the Gut Microbiome-brain Axismentioning

confidence: 71%

Sex differences in the gut microbiome–brain axis across the lifespan

Jašarević

Morrison

Bale

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

231

167

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The HPA which provides the core regulation of the stress response can significantly impact the brain-gut-microbiota axis [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] . It is increasingly clear and probably of relevance in a number of pathological conditions that psychological or physical stress can significantly dysregulate the HPA and subsequently the brain-gut-microbiota axis, for example in IBS 21 .…”

Section: Brain-gut-microbiota Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in Health and Disease

Dinan

Cryan

2017

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

797

525

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Type of publicationArticle (peer-reviewed) Abstract/SummaryGut microbes are capable of producing most neurotransmitters found in the human brain.While these neurotransmitters primarily act locally in the gut, modulating the enteric nervous system, evidence is now accumulating to support the view that gut microbes through multiple mechanisms can influence central neurochemistry and behavior. This has been described as a fundamental paradigm shift in neuroscience. Bifidobacteria for example can produce and increase plasma levels of the serotonin precursor tryptophan, which is fundamental in regulating mood, appetite and gastrointestinal function. CertainLactobacilli have been shown to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and to alter brain GABA receptor expression and behavior. IBS is regarded as the prototypic disorder of the brain-gut-microbiota axis which can be responsive to probiotic therapy.

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“…Conversely, increases in brain kynurenic acid in rats following dietary exposure to kynurenine during gestation and postnatal development also results in neurochemical and cognitive deficits in adulthood (Alexander et al, 2013;Pershing et al, 2015;Pocivavsek et al, 2012). This corresponds to a time period during pregnancy in which the maternal microbiota undergoes major remodelling and during early life when the gut microbiota is seeded and undergoes extensive development (Borre et al, 2014;O'Mahony et al, 2015b). It is plausible that many of the detrimental effects of disturbances in the assembly of the infant microbiota (mode of birth, antibiotic use, maternal transmission of a suboptimal microbiota) could be mediated at least partially via aberrant microbially-regulated patterns of circulating tryptophan availability and kynurenine metabolism in the periphery and CNS.…”

Section: Behaviours Influenced By the Gut Microbiota And Tryptophan Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is plausible that many of the detrimental effects of disturbances in the assembly of the infant microbiota (mode of birth, antibiotic use, maternal transmission of a suboptimal microbiota) could be mediated at least partially via aberrant microbially-regulated patterns of circulating tryptophan availability and kynurenine metabolism in the periphery and CNS. In parallel, this is also a vulnerable period of both CNS glutamatergic and serotonergic system development (Golubeva et al, 2015b;Haberny et al, 2002;O'Mahony et al, 2015a;O'Mahony et al, 2015b). Marrying these research themes together is an important research objective and could inform the mechanisms through which interventions aimed at counteracting the detrimental impact of early-life microbiota disturbances produce their effects.…”

Section: Behaviours Influenced By the Gut Microbiota And Tryptophan Mmentioning

confidence: 99%