Early-life exposure to a herbicide has enduring effects on pathogen-induced mortality

Rohr, Jason R.; Raffel, Thomas R.; Halstead, Neal T.; McMahon, Taegan A.; Johnson, Steve A.; Boughton, Raoul K.; Martin, Lynn B.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1502

Cited by 87 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…That is, an early-life disruption of human microbiota might stimulate an under-reactive immune response to infections, in addition to the previously established over-reactive immune response to innocuous agents (allergens and host) 13 . Furthermore, several factors, such as pollutants (including antibiotics) 2, 21, 22 , nutrition 23–25 , and climate 26 can disrupt the microbiota of animal hosts, and as a consequence, they might affect infectious disease risk 27, 28 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-life disruption of amphibian microbiota decreases later-life resistance to parasites

et al. 2017

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Changes in the early-life microbiota of hosts might affect infectious disease risk throughout life, if such disruptions during formative times alter immune system development. Here, we test whether an early-life disruption of host-associated microbiota affects later-life resistance to infections by manipulating the microbiota of tadpoles and challenging them with parasitic gut worms as adults. We find that tadpole bacterial diversity is negatively correlated with parasite establishment in adult frogs: adult frogs that had reduced bacterial diversity as tadpoles have three times more worms than adults without their microbiota manipulated as tadpoles. In contrast, adult bacterial diversity during parasite exposure is not correlated with parasite establishment in adult frogs. Thus, in this experimental setup, an early-life disruption of the microbiota has lasting reductions on host resistance to infections, which is possibly mediated by its effects on immune system development. Our results support the idea that preventing early-life disruption of host-associated microbiota might confer protection against diseases later in life.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-life disruption of amphibian microbiota decreases later-life resistance to parasites

et al. 2017

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“…Glyphosate at 500 µg L −1 significantly decreased zoosporangia concentration and zoospore production of the pathogenic fungi B. dendrobatidis (Hanlon and Parris, 2012). Atrazine also reduced growth of B. dendrobatidis (0.0106–106 µg L −1 ) both in culture and on infected tadpoles (McMahon, Romansic, and Rohr, 2013; Rohr et al, 2013). The bipyridilium herbicide Diquat (at concentrations between 0.2–10 µg L −1 ), inhibited the growth of Helicoon elegans, Pseudoaergerita matsushimae, Hormiactus ontariensis , and Beverwykella pulmonaria to varying degrees among the species (Fronda and Kendrick, 1985).…”

Section: Specific Effects Of Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 97%

A synthesis of the effects of pesticides on microbial persistence in aquatic ecosystems

Staley

Harwood

Rohr

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Pesticides are a pervasive presence in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world. While pesticides are intended to control fungi, insects, and other pests, their mechanisms of action are often not specific enough to prevent unintended effects, such as on non-target microbial populations. Microorganisms, including algae and cyanobacteria, protozoa, aquatic fungi, and bacteria, form the basis of many food webs and are responsible for crucial aspects of biogeochemical cycling; therefore, the potential for pesticides to alter microbial community structures must be understood to preserve ecosystem services. This review examines studies that focused on direct population-level effects and indirect community-level effects of pesticides on microorganisms. Generally, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides were found to have adverse direct effects on algal and fungal species. Insecticides and fungicides also had deleterious direct effects in the majority of studies examining protozoa species, although herbicides were found to have inconsistent direct effects on protozoans. Our synthesis revealed mixed or no direct effects on bacterial species among all pesticide categories, with results highly dependent on the target species, chemical, and concentration used in the study. Examination of community-level, indirect effects revealed that all pesticide categories had a tendency to reduce higher trophic levels, thereby diminishing top-down pressures and favoring lower trophic levels. Often, indirect effects exerted greater influence than direct effects. However, few studies have been conducted to specifically address community-level effects of pesticides on microorganisms and further research is necessary to better understand and predict the net effects of pesticides on ecosystem health.

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“…For several reasons, there has been considerable interest in the effects of chemical contaminants on disease risk in amphibians (Rohr et al 2009a, b; Schotthoefer et al 2011; McMahon et al 2013; Rohr et al 2013). Amphibians are considered the most threatened of all vertebrate taxa and many of their declines have been associated with infectious diseases (Blaustein and Kiesecker 2002; Stuart et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Effects of Pesticides and Trematode Infections on Hourglass Tree Frog Polypedates cruciger

et al. 2016

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The impact of widespread and common environmental factors, such as chemical contaminants, on infectious disease risk in amphibians is particularly important because both chemical contaminants and infectious disease have been implicated in worldwide amphibian declines. Here we report on the lone and combined effects of exposure to parasitic cercariae (larval stage) of the digenetic trematode, Acanthostomum burminis, and four commonly used pesticides (insecticides: chlorpyrifos, dimethoate; herbicides: glyphosate, propanil) at ecologically relevant concentrations on the survival, growth, and development of the common hourglass tree frog, Polypedates cruciger Blyth 1852. There was no evidence of any pesticide-induced mortality on cercariae because all the cercariae successfully penetrated each tadpole host regardless of pesticide treatment. In isolation, both cercarial and pesticide exposure significantly decreased frog survival, development, and growth, and increased developmental malformations, such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and also edema and skin ulcers. The combination of cercariae and pesticides generally posed greater risk to frogs than either factor alone by decreasing survival or growth or increasing time to metamorphosis or malformations. The exception was that lone exposure to chlorpyrifos had higher mortality without than with cercariae. Consistent with mathematical models that suggest that stress should increase the impact of generalist parasites, the weight of the evidence from the field and laboratory suggests that ecologically relevant concentrations of agrochemicals generally increase the threat that trematodes pose to amphibians, highlighting the importance of elucidating interactions between anthropogenic activities and infectious disease in taxa of conservation concern.

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Early-life exposure to a herbicide has enduring effects on pathogen-induced mortality

Cited by 87 publications

References 47 publications

Early-life disruption of amphibian microbiota decreases later-life resistance to parasites

Early-life disruption of amphibian microbiota decreases later-life resistance to parasites

A synthesis of the effects of pesticides on microbial persistence in aquatic ecosystems

Combined Effects of Pesticides and Trematode Infections on Hourglass Tree Frog Polypedates cruciger

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