Early life exposure to dietary aflatoxins, health impact and control perspectives: A review

Ismail, Amir; Naeem, Iqra; Gong, Yun; Routledge, Michael N.; Akhtar, Saeed; Riaz, Muhammad; Ramalho, Leandra Naíra Zambelli; Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de; Ismail, Zubair

doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.002

Cited by 51 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…Prolonged exposure to aflatoxin might be the underlying cause of congenital disabilities and child growth impairment. Most of the studies have reported that exposure to aflatoxins might be the underlying cause of child growth impairment [45,46]. Nonetheless, the possible association between chronic exposure to aflatoxins in early life and the early onset of hepatic cancer has been explored by several studies.…”

Section: Risk Characterization/cancer Risk Attributable To Afm1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 for Children Aged 1 to 9 Years Old in Serbia

et al. 2021

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The present study was conducted to estimate the exposure and characterize the risk for the child population of Serbia to Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) from milk and milk-based food. A total of 3404 samples comprising milk and different milk-based food samples were collected from various regions of Serbia from 2017 to 2019. Evaluation of AFM1 exposure was carried out using the deterministic method, whereas risk characterization was evaluated using the margin of exposure (MOE) and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Detection rates for AFM1 in milk and milk-based food samples ranged between 2% and 79%, with the highest incidence (79%) and mean level (22.34 ± 0.018 ng kg−1) of AFM1 being detected in pasteurized and UHT milk. According to the three consumption estimates, the values of estimated daily intake (EDI) were higher for toddlers as compared with children aged 3–9 years. Children aged 1–3 years had the highest risk of exposure to AFM1 in milk, with an estimated daily intake of 0.164 and 0.193 ng kg−1 bw day−1 using lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) exposure scenarios, respectively. Such difference could result from the higher consumption to weight in younger children. Based on the estimated daily intake (EDI) found in this study, the risk of AFM1 exposure due to consumption of milk and milk-based food was low since the MOE values obtained were > 10,000. In addition, the risk of HCC cases/year/105 individuals of different age groups showed that the value of HCC, using potency estimates of 0.0017 (mean), was maximum (0.00034) in the age group 1–3 years, which indicates no health risk for the evaluated groups. The present study revealed the importance of controlling and preventing AFM1 contamination in milk through continuous monitoring and regular inspection to reduce the risk of AFM1 exposure, especially in children.

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Section: Risk Characterization/cancer Risk Attributable To Afm1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 for Children Aged 1 to 9 Years Old in Serbia

et al. 2021

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“…The high levels of aflatoxin exposure in children in Gambia reported here and in other populations in low-and middle-income countries, highlight the need for aflatoxin reduction strategies, which have been discussed elsewhere [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Aflatoxin Exposure during Early Life Is Associated with Differential DNA Methylation in Two-Year-Old Gambian Children

Ghantous

Novoloaca

Bouaoun

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Background: DNA methylation is an epigenetic control mechanism that may be altered by environmental exposures. We have previously reported that in utero exposure to the mycotoxin and liver carcinogen aflatoxin B1 from the maternal diet, as measured using biomarkers in the mothers’ blood, was associated with differential DNA methylation in white blood cells of 6-month-old infants from The Gambia. Methods: Here we examined aflatoxin B1-associated differential DNA methylation in white blood cells of 24-month-old children from the same population (n = 244), in relation to the child’s dietary exposure assessed using aflatoxin albumin biomarkers in blood samples collected at 6, 12 and 18 months of age. HM450 BeadChip arrays were used to assess DNA methylation, with data compared to aflatoxin albumin adduct levels using two approaches; a continuous model comparing aflatoxin adducts measured in samples collected at 18 months to DNA methylation at 24 months, and a categorical time-dose model that took into account aflatoxin adduct levels at 6, 12 and 18 months, for comparison to DNA methylation at 24 months. Results: Geometric mean (95% confidence intervals) for aflatoxin albumin levels were 3.78 (3.29, 4.34) at 6 months, 25.1 (21.67, 29.13) at 12 months and 49.48 (43.34, 56.49) at 18 months of age. A number of differentially methylated CpG positions and regions were associated with aflatoxin exposure, some of which affected gene expression. Pathway analysis highlighted effects on genes involved with with inflammatory, signalling and growth pathways. Conclusions: This study provides further evidence that exposure to aflatoxin in early childhood may impact on DNA methylation.

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“…Prolonged exposure to aflatoxin might be the underlying cause of congenital disabilities and child growth impairment. Most of the studies have reported that exposure to AFs might be the underlying cause of child growth impairment [45,46]. Nonetheless, the possible association between chronic exposure to AFs in early life and the early onset of hepatic cancer has been explored by several studies.…”

Section: Risk Characterization/ Cancer Risk Attributable To Afm1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 for Children Aged 1 to 9 Years Old in Serbia

Dr¹,

Milešević²,

Gurinović³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The present study was conducted to estimate the exposure and risk characterization of the children population of Serbia to Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) from milk and milk-based food. A total of 3404 samples comprising of milk and different milk-based food samples were collected from various regions of Serbia from 2017 to 2019. Evaluation of the AFM1 exposure was carried out using the deterministic method, whereas risk characterization was evaluated with the calculation of the Margin of Exposure (MOE) and the risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Detection rates for AFM1 in milk and milk-based food samples ranged between 2% and 79%, with the highest incidence (79%) and mean level (22.34  0,018 ng kg-1) of AFM1 was detected in pasteurized and UHT milk. According to the three consumption estimates, the values of EDI were higher for toddlers as compared with children. Children aged 1–3 years had the highest risk of exposure to AFM1 in milk, with an estimated daily intake of 0.164 and 0.193 ng kg-1 bw day-1 using a lower bound (LB) and the upper bound (UB) exposure scenarios, respectively. Such difference could result from the higher consumption versus weight. Based on the EDI found in this study, the risk of AFM1 due to consumption of milk and milk-based food was low since MOE values obtained were 10000. In addition, the risk of HCC cases/year/105 individuals of different age groups showed that the value of HCC using potency estimates of 0.0017 (mean) was maximum (0.00034) in the age group 1–3 years which indicates no health risk for the evaluated groups. The present study revealed the importance of controlling and preventing AFM1 contamination in milk through continuous monitoring and regular inspection to reduce the risk of AFM1 exposure, especially in children.

show abstract

Early life exposure to dietary aflatoxins, health impact and control perspectives: A review

Cited by 51 publications

References 135 publications

Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 for Children Aged 1 to 9 Years Old in Serbia

Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 for Children Aged 1 to 9 Years Old in Serbia

Aflatoxin Exposure during Early Life Is Associated with Differential DNA Methylation in Two-Year-Old Gambian Children

Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 for Children Aged 1 to 9 Years Old in Serbia

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