Early-Life Origins of the Race Gap in Men's Mortality

Warner, David F.; Hayward, Mark D.

doi:10.1177/002214650604700302

Cited by 126 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In order to lessen people's lifetime accruals of events and chronic hardships, policies would need to target "upstream" macro-level structural inequalities in addition to "downstream" stress-buffering resources possessed by individuals. Stress researchers and cumulative advantage/disadvantage investigators converged on a fundamental policy conclusion (e.g., Aneshensel 2009;Cooksey et al 1997;Geronimus 1992;House 2002;House et al 1988House et al , 1994Link and Phelan 1995;Turner and Avison 2003;Umberson et al 2005;Walsemann et al 2008;Warner and Hayward 2006;Williams et al 1997):…”

Section: Policy Implication 1: To Reduce the Health Impacts Of Major mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and Health: Major Findings and Policy Implications

2010

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Forty decades of sociological stress research offer five major findings. First, when stressors (negative events, chronic strains, and traumas) are measured comprehensively, their damaging impacts on physical and mental health are substantial. Second, differential exposure to stressful experiences is a primary way that gender, racial-ethnic, marital status, and social class inequalities in physical and mental health are produced. Third, minority group members are additionally harmed by discrimination stress. Fourth, stressors proliferate over the life course and across generations, widening health gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged group members. Fifth, the impacts of stressors on health and well-being are reduced when persons have high levels of mastery, self-esteem, and/or social support. With respect to policy, to help individuals cope with adversity, tried and true coping and support interventions should be more widely disseminated and employed. To address health inequalities, the structural conditions that put people at risk of stressors should be a focus of programs and policies at macro and meso levels of intervention. Programs and policies also should target children who are at lifetime risk of ill health and distress due to exposure to poverty and stressful family circumstances.

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Section: Policy Implication 1: To Reduce the Health Impacts Of Major mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and Health: Major Findings and Policy Implications

2010

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“…Minority men's health outcomes are the result of dynamic notions of manhood and gendered and non-gendered determinants of health. The field of minority men's health would benefit from critical examination of the contributions of critical periods and life transitions, 86 educational and other pathways, 68 and the cumulative effect of disadvantage and gendered racism 13 over time. Research and policies to improve minority men's health should recognize and address the psychological, health and social consequences of not being able to marshal the material resources necessary to express normative or hegemonic masculinities while we help men develop more progressive notions of manhood.…”

Section: Manhood and Minority Men's Health -Griffithmentioning

confidence: 99%

“I AM a Man”: Manhood, Minority Men’s Health and Health Equity

Griffith

2015

Ethn Dis

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Objective: To consider how manhood is a key social determinant of minority men’s health.Design: This commentary explicates how manhood intersects with other determinants of health to shape minority men’s stress responses, health behaviors and health outcomes across the life course.Results: Manhood, which perpetually needs to be proven, is an aspirational identity that is defined by the intersection of age, race/ethnicity and other identities. Minority men seek to and successfully embody US-cultural and ethnic-specific aspects of manhood in their daily lives by engaging in behaviors that constantly reaffirm their gender identity through a complex internal and social calculus that varies by intra-personal characteristics and context. Manhood and health are relational constructs that highlight how the salience of masculinities are shaped by perceived and actual social norms and expectations. A life course perspective adds a framework for considering how some gendered beliefs, goals and behaviors change over time while others remain static. Three life course frameworks highlight different mechanisms through which minority men’s life experiences and physiological and behavioral responses to gendered social norms, beliefs and expectations become embodied as premature mortality and other health outcomes over the life course.Conclusion: Manhood represents an important lens to understand how minority men’s identities, goals and priorities affect their health, yet the role of manhood in minority men’s health is understudied and underdeveloped. To achieve health equity, it is critical to consider how manhood shapes minority men’s lives and health across the life course, and to address how manhood affects gendered and non-gendered mechanisms and pathways that explain minority men’s health over time. Ethn Dis. 2015;25(3):287-293.

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“…Recent studies have reported that persons with traumatic events, low SES, or poor health during childhood are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality as adults (Barnes et al, 2012;Montez et al, 2013;Warner & Hayward, 2006;Hayward & Gorman, 2004;Banks et al, 2011;Blackwell et al, 2001). Some plausible non-stress pathways which might also contribute to differential gene expression include increased drinking and smoking as well as higher rates of obesity-by individuals who face significant or chronic adversity (Anda et al, 2010).…”

Section: Hhs Public Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood and Later Life Stressors and Increased Inflammatory Gene Expression at Older ages

2016

The Gerontologist

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Adverse experiences in early life have the ability to "get under the skin" and affect future health. This study examined the relative influence of adversities during childhood and adulthood in accounting for individual differences in pro-inflammatory gene expression in late life. Using a pilot-sample from the Health and Retirement Study (N=114) aged from 51-95, OLS regression models were run to determine the association between a composite score from three proinflammatory gene expression levels (PTGS2, ILIB, and IL8) and 1) childhood trauma, 2) childhood SES, 3) childhood health, 4) adult traumas, and 5) low SES in adulthood. Our results showed that only childhood trauma was found to be associated with increased inflammatory transcription in late life. Furthermore, examination of interaction effects showed that childhood trauma exacerbated the influence of low SES in adulthood on elevated levels of inflammatory gene expression-signifying that having low SES in adulthood was most damaging for persons who had experienced traumatic events during their childhood. Overall our study suggests that traumas experienced during childhood may alter the stress response, leading to more sensitive reactivity throughout the lifespan. As a result, individuals who experienced greater adversity in early life may be at higher risk of late life health outcomes, particularly if adulthood adversity related to SES persists.

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Early-Life Origins of the Race Gap in Men's Mortality

Cited by 126 publications

References 62 publications

Stress and Health: Major Findings and Policy Implications

Stress and Health: Major Findings and Policy Implications

“I AM a Man”: Manhood, Minority Men’s Health and Health Equity

Childhood and Later Life Stressors and Increased Inflammatory Gene Expression at Older ages

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