Early-Life Skin Microbial Biomarkers for Eczema Phenotypes in Chinese Toddlers

Chen, Yehao; Song, Y.; Chen, Zigui; Yau, Jennifer Wing Ki; Chan, Kate Ching Ching; Leung, Agnes Sze Yin; Chan, Oi Man; Yeung, Apple Chung Man; Yuen, Lai Yuk; Chan, Paul K.S.; Tam, Wing Hung; Leung, Ting Fan

doi:10.3390/pathogens12050697

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 29 publications

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“…In the gut, decreased biodiversity precedes allergy onset [183][184][185] and triggers Crohn's disease in mice [186]. On the skin, dysbiosis and reduced microbial diversity precede atopic dermatitis (AD) onset [187], play a critical role in its manifestation due to S. aureus overgrowth [182], predict the persistence of eczema throughout childhood [188], and lead to epidermal barrier defects and skin immune dysregulation, which drive AD pathogenesis [189]. Dysbiosis on the skin is now known to be a cause of skin inflammation in AD [190].…”

Section: Biodiversity Loss: Cause or Symptom?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Catastrophic Biodiversity Loss in the Environment Is Being Replicated on the Skin Microbiome: Is This a Major Contributor to the Chronic Disease Epidemic?

Wallen-Russell,

Pearlman,

Wallen-Russell

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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There has been a catastrophic loss of biodiversity in ecosystems across the world. A similar crisis has been observed in the human gut microbiome, which has been linked to “all human diseases affecting westernized countries”. This is of great importance because chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and make up 90% of America’s healthcare costs. Disease development is complex and multifactorial, but there is one part of the body’s interlinked ecosystem that is often overlooked in discussions about whole-body health, and that is the skin microbiome. This is despite it being a crucial part of the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems and being continuously exposed to environmental stressors. Here we show that a parallel biodiversity loss of 30–84% has occurred on the skin of people in the developed world compared to our ancestors. Research has shown that dysbiosis of the skin microbiome has been linked to many common skin diseases and, more recently, that it could even play an active role in the development of a growing number of whole-body health problems, such as food allergies, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and Parkinson’s, traditionally thought unrelated to the skin. Damaged skin is now known to induce systemic inflammation, which is involved in many chronic diseases. We highlight that biodiversity loss is not only a common finding in dysbiotic ecosystems but also a type of dysbiosis. As a result, we make the case that biodiversity loss in the skin microbiome is a major contributor to the chronic disease epidemic. The link between biodiversity loss and dysbiosis forms the basis of this paper’s focus on the subject. The key to understanding why biodiversity loss creates an unhealthy system could be highlighted by complex physics. We introduce entropy to help understand why biodiversity has been linked with ecosystem health and stability. Meanwhile, we also introduce ecosystems as being governed by “non-linear physics” principles—including chaos theory—which suggests that every individual part of any system is intrinsically linked and implies any disruption to a small part of the system (skin) could have a significant and unknown effect on overall system health (whole-body health). Recognizing the link between ecosystem health and human health allows us to understand how crucial it could be to maintain biodiversity across systems everywhere, from the macro-environment we inhabit right down to our body’s microbiome. Further, in-depth research is needed so we can aid in the treatment of chronic diseases and potentially change how we think about our health. With millions of people currently suffering, research to help mitigate the crisis is of vital importance.

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Section: Biodiversity Loss: Cause or Symptom?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Catastrophic Biodiversity Loss in the Environment Is Being Replicated on the Skin Microbiome: Is This a Major Contributor to the Chronic Disease Epidemic?

Wallen-Russell,

Pearlman,

Wallen-Russell

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Advances of the exposome at individual levels and prevention in atopic dermatitis

Xian,

Maskey,

Kopulos

et al. 2024

Int J Dermatology

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Atopic dermatitis (AD), or eczema, is an inflammatory skin disease related to environmental factors. As a heterogeneous disease, it presents with complex phenotypes and endotypes. A variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors can promote the development of AD. While there has been extensive discussion on environmental exposure at the population and community levels, discourse on exposome at individual levels in AD remains insufficient. For example, allergens, microorganisms, parasites, dietary factors, and psychological factors such as stress and anxiety play important roles in AD development. Microorganisms, in particular, exhibit altered composition and diversity on the skin of AD patients, influencing skin barrier integrity and immune responses. The impact of certain microorganisms, such as fungi and viruses, on AD has garnered increasing attention because of their important role in maintaining skin homeostasis. Dietary factors, including sugar intake and histamine‐rich foods, may modulate AD risk and severity, although findings are controversial. Allergens, particularly house dust mite allergens, and aeroallergens, exacerbate AD symptoms by promoting inflammation and barrier dysfunction. Since AD is often the first step in the atopic march, its primary prevention measures are crucial. Some preventive measures involving microorganisms, diet, and moisturizers remain controversial. Effective preventive strategies necessitate a clear understanding of the complex mechanisms of AD, especially host–microbe–environment interactions. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding various risk and protective factors, as well as primary prevention measures for AD.

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Early-Life Skin Microbial Biomarkers for Eczema Phenotypes in Chinese Toddlers

Cited by 2 publications

References 29 publications

A Catastrophic Biodiversity Loss in the Environment Is Being Replicated on the Skin Microbiome: Is This a Major Contributor to the Chronic Disease Epidemic?

A Catastrophic Biodiversity Loss in the Environment Is Being Replicated on the Skin Microbiome: Is This a Major Contributor to the Chronic Disease Epidemic?

Advances of the exposome at individual levels and prevention in atopic dermatitis

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