Early live-prototype testing of a low-cost latrine technology for rural and peri‑urban communities: The case of a modified pour-flush latrine

Duku, Godwin Armstrong; Appiah–Effah, Eugene; Nyarko, Kwabena Biritwum; Dwumfour-Asare, Bismark

doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00338

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…One of the key challenges faced by managers of these public sanitation facilities is cost burden associated with the management of faecal sludge generated. The toilet facilities receive high usage rates [ 24 ], with quickly filled up pits and always requiring frequent desludging incurring higher cost [ 3 , 22 , 23 , 25 ]. The challenging situation was same for the only functional toilets from which faecal sludge samples were taken at the time of the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Knowledge from successful stories could be used to tackle some of the sanitation challenges that are particularly found in low–income urban areas [ 3 , 18 ]. Majority of Ghanaians (67%) use shared toilet facilities including public and shared compound toilets [ 19 , 20 ], and these have faster sludge accumulation and desludging frequencies with accompanied high cost burdens and poor toilet conditions [ 3 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Meanwhile, limited studies exist on use of additives in faecal sludge treatment in Ghana.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toilet chemical additives and their effect on faecal sludge characteristics

Appiah–Effah

Duku

Dwumfour-Asare

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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This study investigated the effects of two mostly improvised chemical additives, calcium carbide and lambda super 2.5 EC (LSEC), on the physico–chemical and microbial characteristics of faecal sludge from toilets. The quality of faecal sludge was assessed before and after application of the chemical additives in an experimental setup of ten different treatment units including a control, and treatment replicates. The initial characteristic of the faecal sludge was slightly acidic with high content of slowly degradable organic matter. The experimental control without additives after 30 days showed reduction in BOD 5 , COD, helminth eggs and sludge mass by a maximum of 30%, 34.7%, 99.8% and 55% respectively. Similarly, calcium carbide additive reduced the BOD 5 , COD, helminth eggs and the mass of the faecal sludge by 47.4%, 48.3%, 99.6% and 61% respectively. Also, LSEC additive reduced BOD 5 , COD, helminth eggs and the mass of the sludge by 40.6%, 47.9%, 95.9% and 58% respectively. The two additives showed significant treatment effect on the faecal sludge although the level of treatment could not meet the regulatory discharge limits for the key quality parameters assessed including sanitisation. The study is still a grey area and more research is recommended to enrich the findings.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toilet chemical additives and their effect on faecal sludge characteristics

Appiah–Effah

Duku

Dwumfour-Asare

et al. 2020

Heliyon

Self Cite

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“…This notwithstanding, the determinants of open defecation are unclear, rarely documented and likely differ across contexts. Financial constraints, lack of toilet facilities, poor hygienic conditions, lack of privacy, or unpleasant smell have been reported elsewhere [13,24], whilst in others, practicing open defecation was due to absence of functional toilets [25,26]. reported age, education, access to media, wealth status, access to drinking water, residence, country income status, and the region as predictors to open defecation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ghana ranks second in Africa after Sudan for open defecation [11] and had the fourth lowest sanitation coverage in 2010 [12]. The poor sanitation situation in Ghana has largely been attributed to high poverty rate, and high cost of toilet technologies (Duku et al, 2020;Obeng et al, 2015). Consequently, many poor households who cannot afford improved sanitation solutions resort to unimproved options or practice open defecation [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The poor sanitation situation in Ghana has largely been attributed to high poverty rate, and high cost of toilet technologies (Duku et al, 2020;Obeng et al, 2015). Consequently, many poor households who cannot afford improved sanitation solutions resort to unimproved options or practice open defecation [13,14]. Open defecation is linked to excreta-related health risks [15] which also contain disease-causing microbes such as viruses, bacteria, protozoan cysts, and helminths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of Open Defecation among Rural Women in Ghana: Analysis of 2003, 2008 and 2014 Demographic and Health Surveys

Appiah–Effah¹,

Boakye²,

Salihu³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The study investigated determinants of open defecation among rural women in Ghana. The study extracted data from the female’s file of the 2003, 2008 and 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS). A total of 4,284 pooled sample size of rural women aged 15-49 with complete information about the variables analyzed in the study. The outcome variable was “open defecation” (i.e., defecating in an open space rather than a toilet facility) whilst fourteen (14) key explanatory variables were used. Two regression models were built, and output reported in odds ratio. Descriptively, 42 in every 100 women aged 15-49 practised open defecation (n=1811, 95’CI=49-52). Open defecation significantly correlated with educational attainment, wealth status, religion, access to mass media, partner's education, and zone of residence. The likelihood to practice open defecation reduced among those with formal education [aOR=0.69, CI=0.56-0.85], those whose partners had formal education [aOR=0.64, CI=0.52-0.80], women in the rich wealth quintile [aOR=0.12, CI=0.07-0.20], the traditionalist [aOR=0.33, CI=0.19-0.57], and those who had access to mass media [aOR=0.70, CI=0.57-0.85]. Residents in the Savannah zone were over 21-fold higher to defecate openly [aOR=21.06, CI=15.97-27.77]. The prevalence of open defecation is disproportionately pro-poor indicating that impoverished rural women are more likely to perform it.

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Determinants of Open Defecation Among Rural Women in Ghana: Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys

Appiah-Effah,

Boakye,

Salihu

et al. 2024

Environ�Health�Insights

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Open defecation continuously remains a major global sanitation challenge, contributing to an estimated 1.6 million deaths per year. Ghana ranks second in Africa for open defecation and had the fourth-lowest sanitation coverage in 2010. Evidence indicates that about 32% of the rural Ghanaian population still practice open defecation due to lack of access to basic sanitation facilities, drifting the country from achieving universal access to sanitation by 2030. Women, particularly those in rural areas, are disproportionately affected by open defecation, facing heightened health risks, harassment, and a loss of dignity. Even though previous studies on open defecation in Ghana exist, they lack national representation and neglect women in rural residents who are disproportionally affected by the repercussions of open defecation. Examining that rural women will contribute to heightening their own vulnerability to health risks by practising open defecation is essential to bridging the literature gap on open defecation practices among rural women. The study investigated determinants of open defecation among rural women in Ghana using data from the female files of the 2003, 2008 and 2014 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). A total of 4,284 rural women with complete information on variables of interest were included in the study. The outcome variable was ‘open defecation’, whilst 14 key explanatory variables (e.g., age, education, wealth status, among others) were used. Two logistic regression models were built, and the outputs were reported in odds ratio. Descriptively, 42 in every 100 women aged 15 to 49 practiced open defecation (n = 1811, 95% CI = 49-52). Open defecation (OD) significantly correlated with educational attainment, wealth status, religion, access to mass media, partner’s education, and zone of residence. The likelihood of practicing open defecation reduced among those with formal education [aOR = 0.69, CI = 0.56-0.85], those whose partners had formal education [aOR = 0.64, CI = 0.52-0.80], women in the rich wealth quintile [aOR = 0.12, CI = 0.07-0.20], the traditionalist [aOR = 0.33, CI = 0.19-0.57], and those who had access to mass media [aOR = 0.70, CI = 0.57-0.85]. Residents in the Savannah zone had higher odds of openly defecating [aOR = 21.06, CI = 15.97-27.77]. The prevalence of open defecation is disproportionately pro-poor, which indicates that impoverished rural women are more likely to perform it. Public health initiatives should aim to close the rich-poor divide in OD practice among rural women.

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Early live-prototype testing of a low-cost latrine technology for rural and peri‑urban communities: The case of a modified pour-flush latrine

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Toilet chemical additives and their effect on faecal sludge characteristics

Toilet chemical additives and their effect on faecal sludge characteristics

Determinants of Open Defecation among Rural Women in Ghana: Analysis of 2003, 2008 and 2014 Demographic and Health Surveys

Determinants of Open Defecation Among Rural Women in Ghana: Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys

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