Early maladaptive schema factors, pain intensity, depressiveness and pain disability: an analysis of biopsychosocial models of pain

Saariaho, Tom; Saariaho, Anita; Karila, Irma; Joukamaa, Matti

doi:10.3109/09638288.2011.638031

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…In this study we replicated the results of numerous earlier studies on the role of depression as a co‐occurent factor in chronic pain, alexithymia and EMSs. In earlier studies depression occurred as a mediator between pain disability and alexithymia (Saariaho, Saariaho, Mattila, Karukivi & Joukamaa, ) and between second‐order EMSs factors and pain disability (Saariaho et al ., ). Our exploration of scores on EMSs in different states of depression in alexithymic and nonalexithymic patients showed that higher EMSs scores are related to the severity of depression and also to alexithymia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…EMSs have been found in various disorders, such as depression (Renner, Lobbestael, Peeters, Arntz & Huibers, 2012), eating disorders (Anderson, Rieger & Caterson, 2006;Unoka, T€ olgyes, Czobor & Simon, 2010), personality disorders (Carr & Francis, 2010), posttraumatic stress disorder (Cockram, Drummond & Lee, 2010), and substance abuse (Shorey, Stuart & Anderson, 2013). In a study comparing chronic pain patients with a control sample the results showed that chronic pain patients had more EMSs than the control group (Saariaho, Saariaho, Karila & Joukamaa, 2011) and in an another study the second-order factor structure of EMSs in chronic pain patients was different from that of the control sample (Saariaho, Saariaho, Karila & Joukamaa, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alexithymia and Early Maladaptive Schemas in chronic pain patients

Saariaho¹,

Saariaho

Mattila

et al. 2015

Scandinavian J Psychology

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Psychological factors have an impact on subjective pain experience. The aim of this study was to explore the occurrence of alexithymia and Early Maladaptive Schemas in a sample of 271 first visit chronic pain patients of six pain clinics. The patients completed the study questionnaire consisting of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, the Finnish version of the Young Schema Questionnaire short form-extended, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and pain variables. Alexithymic patients scored higher on Early Maladaptive Schemas and had more pain intensity, pain disability and depression than nonalexithymic patients. Both alexithymia and depression correlated significantly with most Early Maladaptive Schemas. The co-occurrence of alexithymia, Early Maladaptive Schemas and depression seems to worsen the pain experience. Screening of alexithymia, depression and Early Maladaptive Schemas may help to plan psychological treatment interventions for chronic pain patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alexithymia and Early Maladaptive Schemas in chronic pain patients

Saariaho¹,

Saariaho

Mattila

et al. 2015

Scandinavian J Psychology

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“…Self-sacrificing tendencies were found to moderate the relationship between pain and the physical symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis, 55 , 56 which is associated with depression. 57 Another study supporting a pathway from depression to pain was conducted by Saariaho et al 58 They revealed that the group of maladaptive schemas called “endangered” role (eg, disconnection rejection) showed pathways to depression, and from depression to pain disability in the pain patients, while the other group of maladaptive schemas, defined as the “encumbered” role (eg, self-sacrificing), exhibited a direct pathway to pain disability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and pain: testing of serial multiple mediators

Wongpakaran

Tanchakvaranont

Bookkamana

et al. 2016

NDT

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PurposeDespite the fact that pain is related to depression, few studies have been conducted to investigate the variables that mediate between the two conditions. In this study, the authors explored the following mediators: cognitive function, self-sacrificing interpersonal problems, and perception of stress, and the effects they had on pain symptoms among patients with depressive disorders.Participants and methodsAn analysis was performed on the data of 346 participants with unipolar depressive disorders. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, the pain subscale of the health-related quality of life (SF-36), the self-sacrificing subscale of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, and the Perceived Stress Scale were used. Parallel multiple mediator and serial multiple mediator models were used. An alternative model regarding the effect of self-sacrificing on pain was also proposed.ResultsPerceived stress, self-sacrificing interpersonal style, and cognitive function were found to significantly mediate the relationship between depression and pain, while controlling for demographic variables. The total effect of depression on pain was significant. This model, with an additional three mediators, accounted for 15% of the explained variance in pain compared to 9% without mediators. For the alternative model, after controlling for the mediators, a nonsignificant total direct effect level of self-sacrificing was found, suggesting that the effect of self-sacrificing on pain was based only on an indirect effect and that perceived stress was found to be the strongest mediator.ConclusionSerial mediation may help us to see how depression and pain are linked and what the fundamental mediators are in the chain. No significant, indirect effect of self-sacrificing on pain was observed, if perceived stress was not part of the depression and/or cognitive function mediational chain. The results shown here have implications for future research, both in terms of testing the model and in clinical application.

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“…Pain is a symptom associated with significant impairments to an individual's quality of life and functioning, affecting mobility, work activities, social interaction, getting along, and self‐care . When present during the gestational period, pain is also associated with disability, since it affects the ability of pregnant women to work, sleep, and conduct daily activities .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disability and functioning of women with low‐risk pregnancy: Assessment using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0)

Dantas

Correia

et al. 2019

Intl J Gynecology & Obste

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Objective To evaluate the disability and functioning of women with low‐risk pregnancy in the second and third gestational trimesters. Methods A longitudinal observational study was conducted from June 5, 2015, to April 30, 2016, in Family Health Units in the city of Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, involving women who were in the second trimester of pregnancy where the pregnancy had been classified as low‐risk. A form was designed specifically for the study to collect sociodemographic, urogynecological, and obstetric data. Functioning and disability were assessed using WHODAS 2.0, and descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. Results Higher levels of disability were observed in cognition in the second trimester (P=0.021), while mobility and life activities domains had higher scores (higher score meaning the woman was more adversely affected) in the third trimester (P=0.007 and P=0.029). Urinary incontinence in the second trimester affected functioning in participation (P=0.023). Pain affected life activities (P=0.023) in the second trimester and participation in the third trimester (P=0.044); and general functioning (P=0.050 and P=0.025), mobility (P=0.002 and P=0.001), and self‐care (P=0.0446 and P=0.023) in the second and third trimesters, respectively. Conclusion The findings showed that, even in a low‐risk pregnancy, functioning can be affected in different domains. The identification of impairments to functioning could enable improvement in care. Longitudinal studies involving the first trimester and postpartum are necessary to gain insight into women's disability and functioning during the pregnancy–puerperal period.

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Early maladaptive schema factors, pain intensity, depressiveness and pain disability: an analysis of biopsychosocial models of pain

Cited by 19 publications

References 78 publications

Alexithymia and Early Maladaptive Schemas in chronic pain patients

Alexithymia and Early Maladaptive Schemas in chronic pain patients

Depression and pain: testing of serial multiple mediators

Disability and functioning of women with low‐risk pregnancy: Assessment using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0)

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