Early Male Emergence and Reproductive Phenology of the Adult Overwintering Butterfly Gonepteryx rhamni in Sweden

Wiklund, Christer; Lindfors, Virpi; Forsberg, Johan

doi:10.2307/3546246

Cited by 43 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, protandry seems to be more pronounced in temperate butter¯ies, which must synchronize emergence with¯owering of nectar source plants such as Gonepteryx rhamni (Wiklund et al 1996). The absence of adult feeding in B. sophorae may be a factor related to this dierence in intensity of protandry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Protandry and female size-fecundity variation in the tropical butterfly Brassolis sophorae

1998

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Protandry (the emergence of males before females) is currently explained either as a mating strategy to maximize number of matings in the males, or a way to minimize pre-reproductive mortality in females. Models of protandry have generally ignored variation in female quality (reproductive potential). We recorded the sex ratio, female body mass, wing length and potential fecundity (number and mass of eggs) of the tropical butterfly Brassolis sophorae through the emergence period. Temporal variation in female size and fecundity correlated with male potential for acquiring mates. Females from the end of the emergence period showed lower fecundity and size. Males emerging before and close to the median date of the female emergence period had greater mating opportunities. Males emerging either very early or late were penalized by few mating opportunities, or by encounters with small, low-quality females, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Protandry and female size-fecundity variation in the tropical butterfly Brassolis sophorae

1998

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“…However, for any given male, the emergence time that maximizes his contribution to the next generation may depend on the timing and pattern of emergence of other males in the population (Iwasa et al, 1983;Parker and Courtney 1983;Thornhill and Alcock 1983;Zonneveld 1996). Because evaluating the lifetime number of offspring sired by males is time consuming or diffi cult, empirical studies use correlates of male reproductive success such as access to females or opportunities to mate (Botterweg 1982;Michener 1983;Parker and Courtney 1983;Elgar and Pierce 1988;Hastings 1989;Wang et al, 1990;Zonneveld 1992;Wiklund et al, 1996;Carvalho et al, 1998), mating success (Wiklund and Fagerstrom 1977). Diel periodicities of adult emergence for three species of Chironomidae and one Caenidae from a Perth wetland were recorded during spring and summer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence periodicity of Phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti (Diptera: psychodidae): A laboratory study

et al. 2009

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Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti (Diptera : Psychodidae) is the vector for visceral leishmaniasis in India. The aspects of its biology such as feeding and man vector contact are associated with emergence periodicity of the adult. Hence, the present study was made to fi nd out the actual emergence period of P. argentipes. Wild caught P. argentipes were confi ned in the rearing pots inside laboratory. The newly emerged adults were collected at hourly intervals and released in to separate polythene bags and were held at 4°C till death. Sand fl ies were segregated sex-wise after the death under a microscope. The emergence of adult was observed throughout the day. However, the male preferred dawn emergence and the female the dusk. Two peaks of emergence were found in a day; fi rst one in the morning (0900h) and the second one in the evening (1800h). The ratio of both sexes was found to be about equal. The emergence of adult was found to be 77% out of total eggs laid, which was completed within 7-10 days from the 1st day of emergence under laboratory conditions (25°C to 31°C and 70% to 75% relative humidity). This study has important bearings to fi nd out the actual time for personal protection against biting of sand fl ies to prevent the transmission of Kala-azar.

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“…Early emerging males have an advantage, as they are present when the first females emerge. However, protandry may also provide physiological and behavioral advantages in males (Fagerstro¨m and Wiklund, 1982;Lederhouse et al, 1982;Michener, 1984;Olsson and Madsen, 1996;Wiklund et al, 1996;Taylor et al, 1998). Among these advantages, early emergence of males could enable them to mature sexually before the emergence of females (Fagerstro¨m and Wiklund, 1982;Michener, 1984;Olsson and Madsen, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Impact of the Timing of Male Emergence on Mating Capacity of Males in Trichogramma evanescens Westwood

Doyon

Boivin²

2006

BioControl

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In species with highly structured population, such as Trichogramma spp., mating occurs mostly at emergence on the patch and early emerging males have an advantage, as they are present when the first females emerge. However, early emergence of male could also enable males to mature sexually before the emergence of females or enhance their capacity to induce higher receptivity in females. We measured time of emergence of male and female Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from hosts that were parasitized within a 30 min period. We also measured the effect of male age on their capacity to mate, and the ability of inseminated females to produce daughters. To verify if early emerging males induced higher receptivity in females, we observed the females mate choice between males of different ages. Our results indicated that the mean time of emergence between males and females was 29 min for individuals that develop in 9 days and 10 min for individuals that develop in 10 days. The protandry observed in this species could be the result of either a faster development of males or a male first strategy by the ovipositing female. In T. evanescens, protandry does not permit males to mature sexually nor to induce higher receptivity in females. The main advantage of protandry for males thus appears to be early access to females as they emerge.

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Early Male Emergence and Reproductive Phenology of the Adult Overwintering Butterfly Gonepteryx rhamni in Sweden

Cited by 43 publications

References 23 publications

Protandry and female size-fecundity variation in the tropical butterfly Brassolis sophorae

Protandry and female size-fecundity variation in the tropical butterfly Brassolis sophorae

Emergence periodicity of Phlebotomus argentipes annandale and brunetti (Diptera: psychodidae): A laboratory study

Impact of the Timing of Male Emergence on Mating Capacity of Males in Trichogramma evanescens Westwood

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