Early menopause, number of reproductive years, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

Kritz‐Silverstein, Donna; Barrett-Connor, E.

doi:10.2105/ajph.83.7.983

Cited by 164 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…12 Premenopausal estrogen maintains bone density in women and premature loss of this estrogen due to accelerated menopause elevates risk for osteoporosis and bone fractures. 13,14 Although hormone replacement therapy can correct this, it may also place women at increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and invasive breast cancer. 15 Overall, accelerated reproductive senescence due to depletion of ovarian reserves is associated with reduced quality of life and decreased lifespan.…”

Section: Introduction: Infertility and Its Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovarian autoimmune disease: clinical concepts and animal models

et al. 2014

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The ovary is not an immunologically privileged organ, but a breakdown in tolerogenic mechanisms for ovary-specific antigens has disastrous consequences on fertility in women, and this is replicated in murine models of autoimmune disease. Isolated ovarian autoimmune disease is rare in women, likely due to the severity of the disease and the inability to transmit genetic information conferring the ovarian disease across generations. Nonetheless, autoimmune oophoritis is often observed in association with other autoimmune diseases, particularly autoimmune adrenal disease, and takes a toll on both society and individual health. Studies in mice have revealed at least two mechanisms that protect the ovary from autoimmune attack. These mechanisms include control of autoreactive T cells by thymus-derived regulatory T cells, as well as a role for the autoimmune regulator (AIRE), a transcriptional regulator that induces expression of tissue-restricted antigens in medullary thymic epithelial cells during development of T cells. Although the latter mechanism is incompletely defined, it is well established that failure of either results in autoimmune-mediated targeting and depletion of ovarian follicles. In this review, we will address the clinical features and consequences of autoimmune-mediated ovarian infertility in women, as well as the possible mechanisms of disease as revealed by animal models.

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Section: Introduction: Infertility and Its Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovarian autoimmune disease: clinical concepts and animal models

et al. 2014

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“…In the study of 555 women aged 60 to 89 years age at menopause and number of reproductive years had positive associations with bone mineral density of radius, hip and spine, and total number of reproductive years explained more of variance in BMD than did either age at menarche or age at menopause [27]. In our study we did not note an influence of menstrual years on QUS parameters, but in early postmenopausal women menstrual years in regard to lifetime significantly improved value of SOS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In several studies the influence of different factors on bone densitometry measurements were performed [27,28,30,31,34,36,38]. In the study of 555 women aged 60 to 89 years age at menopause and number of reproductive years had positive associations with bone mineral density of radius, hip and spine, and total number of reproductive years explained more of variance in BMD than did either age at menarche or age at menopause [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Skeletal Status Assessed by Quantitative Ultrasound in Elderly Women Compared with Early Postmenopausal Women

Drozdzowska¹,

Pluskiewicz²,

Adamczyk³

et al. 2009

TOGERIMJ

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Background:The aim of the retrospective study was to reveal the pattern of bone loss in elderly women compared with early postmenopausal women. Material:The group of 254 women was studied, among them were 40 elderly women (mean age 74.7+/-4.0 y.) and 214 early postmenopausal women (mean age 53.4+/-3.7 y.). Skeletal status was evaluated using quantitative ultrasound (QUS) at the calcaneus (Achilles, Lunar, USA). Results: In elderly women age, years since menopause (YSM) and body size did not influence significantly ultrasound values, only positive influence of weight and body mass index on BUA was observed (p<0.05). In early postmenopausal women YSM negatively affected SOS (p<0.05), BUA (p=0.05) and SI (p<0.05), body size had generally a positive impact on all QUS parameters, and the percentage of life with menstruation positively affected SOS (p<0.05). In multiple stepwise regression analyses in elderly women only weight had a positive effect on BUA, and in early postmenopausal women, weight was a protective factor for all parameters, age negatively influenced BUA and SI, and YSM negatively influenced SOS. Multiple stepwise regression analysis in the whole group showed that weight was a protective factor and age was a negative factor for all QUS parameters. Conclusion:The pattern of bone loss in the elderly differs in comparison to younger postmenopausal women, and the weight among factors assessed was the only protective one in postmenopausal women. Maintaince of body weight seems to be the most important in osteoporosis prevention.

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“…With varying consistency studies found an earlier menopause to be associated with low education or social status [6,9,12,16,21,22]. Further, an early menopause was found for ischemia [23][24][25] and osteoporosis [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopausal status and factors affecting cessation of menses in the region of Bonn, Germany

et al. 2007

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AbstractBecause of the high prevalence of hormone use and reproductive surgeries in Western women natural menopause is a less frequent condition. Our aim was to examine the influences of hormonal and other factors on timing of cessation of menses. We analysed population controls of a German case-control study on breast cancer risks. The sample comprised N=829 women without hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy. We estimated the risk for the occurrence of last menses by Cox proportional hazard modelling. For calculating hazard rate ratios (HRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) women with menstrual cycles up to one year before interview were censored at that age. Median age at cessation of menses was 50 years (inter-quartile range 47–53 years). A significant later cessation of menses resulted from oral contraceptive use (HRR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59–0.93 for up to 10 years), and hormone therapy use until last menses (HRR 0.57, 95% CI 0.47–0.70). Also, thyroidal medications were associated with a delayed cessation of menses (HRR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42–0.96 for more than 10 years of use). Smoking until at least two years before last menses and allergies revealed an earlier cessation of bleedings (HRR 1.50, 95% CI 1.22–1.83 and HRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.07–1.53 respectively). Natural menopause is difficult to determine. Factors affecting the ovaries or the endocrine system can modulate timing of menopause. Endocrine biomarkers should be additionally taken into account when defining menopausal status.

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Early menopause, number of reproductive years, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

Cited by 164 publications

References 17 publications

Ovarian autoimmune disease: clinical concepts and animal models

Ovarian autoimmune disease: clinical concepts and animal models

Skeletal Status Assessed by Quantitative Ultrasound in Elderly Women Compared with Early Postmenopausal Women

Menopausal status and factors affecting cessation of menses in the region of Bonn, Germany

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