Early ontogeny of the commercially valuable fish red‐bellied pacu Piaractus brachypomus (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae) from the Amazon, Brazil

Abstract

The initial development of the red-bellied pacu Piaractus brachypomus is described using morphological, meristic and morphometric characteristics. A total of 127 individuals were analysed (47 in the yolk-sac, 35 in pre-flexion, five in flexion, 20 in post-flexion and 20 in juvenile) with standard length varying between 2.92 and 48.61 mm. The larvae are born poorly developed and have a discoidal yolk at $6.33 mm standard length. During early ontogeny, the mouth passes from terminal to subterminal and the anal opening reaches the vertical line over the midline region of the body. There are changes in body shape from long and moderate to deep, head length from small to large, and eye diameter from moderate to large. Dendritic chromatophores were present in the ventral, dorsal and upper part of the swim bladder in the early larval stages. Rounded spots are evident all over the body in juveniles. The total number of myomeres ranges from 39 to 41 (20-23 pre-anal, 17-20 post-anal). Through the morphometric relationships, it was evidenced that the greatest changes during the initial ontogeny of P. brachypomus occur in the transition from the post-flexion stage to the juvenile period, indicating changes in behaviour, foraging and physiology.

Early ontogeny of the freshwater fish Rhytiodus microlepis (Characiformes, Anostomidae) from the Amazon basin

“…Such changes contribute to improving swimming ability (Khemis et al, 2013; Kupren et al, 2014a, 2014b; Santos et al, 2023; Silva et al, 2021). Negative allometry observed in SnP and SnV indicates little development in these two variables, most likely because of the completion of the remodeling process (metamorphosis) in R. microlepis , reaching its final body shape.…”