Early Positive Information Impacts Final Evaluations: No Deliberation‐Without‐Attention Effect and a Test of a Dynamic Judgment Model

Vallejo, Claudia González; Cheng, Jiuqing; Phillips, Nathaniel D.; Chimeli, Janna; Bellezza, Francis S.; Harman, Jason L.; Lassiter, G. Daniel; Lindberg, Matthew J.

doi:10.1002/bdm.1796

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Weber et al, 2007). Similarly, primacy effects on decision-making (e.g., González Vallejo et al, 2014) could be integrated into the reasoning of our model: information that is presented early during an experimental session biases the system towards a specific attractor at the very beginning, so that information provided later shows less influence on the final decision.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Step by step: Harvesting the dynamics of delay discounting decisions

Scherbaum

Frisch

Dshemuchadse

2018

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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As human beings, we often have to decide between rewards that are smaller, but available sooner, and rewards that are larger, but that we have to wait for longer. We wonder, e.g., whether we should spend our money now or save it for pension. Such so-called delay discounting decisions have usually been studied with a focus on the outcome of the decision process, leading to a variety of discounting models (see Doyle, 2013 for an overview). While these models offer a good description of the average outcome of the decision process -the final choice -they mostly leave open how the decision process itself unfolds in time. Here, we complement the outcome-focused approaches to delay discounting with a process-based approach. We show how a decision process model, namely, an attractor model, can extend outcome-focused discounting curves into the temporal dimension. We derive temporal predictions from the model and validate them in an experiment in which we manipulate the order of presentation of options and combine this with a continuous behavioural measure of the decision process, i.e., mouse tracking. Delay discountingEarly authors acknowledged that time comes at a cost and assumed that, rationally, 1 the value of delayed options should be discounted following an exponential discounting function (Samuelson, 1937). In reality, however, individuals often show a stronger discounting of rewards, especially for small delays (Green, Fristoe, & Myerson, 1994;Myerson & Green, 1995). A wide range of research aimed to close this explanatory gap between normative models and empirically determined models of delay discounting (Frederick, Loewenstein, & O'Donoghue, 2002).Step by step: Harvesting the dynamics of delay discounting decisions Stefan Scherbaum 1 , Simon Frisch 1 and Maja Dshemuchadse 2 Abstract People show a tendency to devalue rewards when they are delayed in time. This so-called delay discounting often happens to an extent that seems irrational from an economical perspective. Research studying outcomes of delay discounting decisions has successfully derived descriptive models for such choice preferences. However, this outcome-based approach faces limitations in integrating the influence of contextual factors on the decision. Recently, this outcome-centred perspective on delay discounting has been complemented by a focus on the process dynamics leading to delay discounting decisions. Here, we embrace and add to this approach: We show how an attractor model can extend discounting descriptive discounting curves into the temporal dimension. From the model, we derive three predictions and study the predictions in a delay discounting experiment based on mouse tracking. We find differences in discounting depending on the order of option presentation and more direct movements to options presented first. Together with the analysis of specific temporal patterns of information integration, these results show that considering the continuous process dynamics of delay discounting decisions and harvesting them with continuous behaviou...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Step by step: Harvesting the dynamics of delay discounting decisions

Scherbaum

Frisch

Dshemuchadse

2018

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…The primacy effect results in subjects using the first presented piece of information more in subsequent judgments and choices, whereas the recency effect refers to the observation that people’s decisions tend to be influenced more strongly by information presented last (14). For example, consistent with a primacy effect, candidates listed first on election ballots tend to receive more votes (15, 16) and people prefer cars whose positive attributes are presented first (17). In contrast, audience members’ ratings for contestants are higher for those appearing towards the end of a performance indicative of a recency effect (18).…”

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confidence: 86%

“…14 For example, consistent with a primacy effect, candidates listed first on election ballots tend to receive more votes, 15,16 and people prefer cars whose positive attributes are presented first. 17 In contrast, audience members’ ratings for contestants are higher for those appearing toward the end of a performance, indicative of a recency effect. 18 Several factors may modify order effects.…”

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confidence: 99%

Subjective Numeracy and the Influence of Order and Amount of Audible Information on Perceived Medication Value

et al. 2016

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Background Order and amount of information influence patients’ risk perceptions, but most studies have evaluated patients’ reactions to written materials. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of four communication strategies, varying in their order and/or amount of information, on judgments related to an audible description of a new medication and among patients who varied in subjective numeracy. Methods We created five versions of a hypothetical scenario describing a new medication. The versions were composed to elucidate whether order and/or amount of the information describing benefits and adverse events influenced how subjects valued a new medication. After listening to a randomly assigned version, perceived medication value was measured by asking subjects to choose one of the following statements: the risks outweigh the benefits, the risks and benefits are equally balanced, or the benefits outweigh the risks. Results Of the 432 patients contacted, 389 participated in the study. Listening to a brief description of benefits followed by an extended description of adverse events resulted in a greater likelihood of perceiving that the medication’s benefits outweighed the risks compared to: 1) presenting the extended adverse events description before the benefits, 2) giving a greater amount of information related to benefits, and 3) sandwiching the adverse events between benefits. These associations were only observed among subjects with average or higher subjective numeracy. Conclusion If confirmed in future studies, our results suggest that, for patients with average or better subjective numeracy, perceived medication value is highest when a brief presentation of benefits is followed by an extended description of adverse events.

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“…For example, when people receive informational inputs in a sequential manner, instances of primacy and recency can take precedence (e.g. González-Vallejo et al, 2014;Olsen & Pracejus, 2004). Thus, unlike Anderson's (2013) suggestion of information integration, seeing a highly desirable feature first (or last), could be valued more in accordance with a primacy (or recency) effect.…”

Section: Combination Of Affectmentioning

confidence: 99%

The combination of multiple affective experiences and their impact on valuation judgments

Efendic

Drače

Ric

2019

Cognition and Emotion

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People's affective experiences can be influenced by multiple informational inputs. It remains unclear however how this occurs? In this paper, we investigate the construction of affective experiences dependent on the varying number of previously presented, affectively-charged, informational inputs. In addition, because affect is often used as a cue in judgment and decision-making, we probe whether the resulting affective experience is mapped onto people's valuation judgments (how much people are willing-to-pay for target rewards and experiences). In three studies, we show that people's overall affective experience is constructed by averaging the affect of the previously presented, affectively-charged inputs. Subsequently, we find that people rely on the resulting affective experience as a cue for their judgments, as willingnessto-pay valuations were predicted by the combined affective experience. We measured integral, expected, as well as momentary affectusing both self-report and physiological measures. We discuss the potential for studying further how multiple inputs change affect as well as the implications for judgment and decision making.

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Early Positive Information Impacts Final Evaluations: No Deliberation‐Without‐Attention Effect and a Test of a Dynamic Judgment Model

Cited by 7 publications

References 51 publications

Step by step: Harvesting the dynamics of delay discounting decisions

Step by step: Harvesting the dynamics of delay discounting decisions

Subjective Numeracy and the Influence of Order and Amount of Audible Information on Perceived Medication Value

The combination of multiple affective experiences and their impact on valuation judgments

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