Early Pregnancy Confirmation—The Role of Urine Pregnancy Test in Military Primary Care Clinics

Hochman, Eldar; Elami-Suzin, Matan; Soferman, Hagar Gur; Galil, Tamar; Hershkovitz, Yehuda; Tzur, Dorit; Derazne, Estela; Elad, Hadar

doi:10.7205/milmed-d-11-00455

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Automated, early pregnancy detection might substantially improve maternal and fetal health. Although population reports of pregnancy testing behavior are sparse [1][2][3] , available cohorts indicate that most American women confirm pregnancy about 3 to 5 weeks after conception, and that nearly a quarter do so later than 5 weeks 1 . The cost of delayed pregnancy awareness is great: adoption of appropriate pregnancy habits is delayed 4,5 in the earliest, most fragile developmental window [6][7][8][9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, as pregnancy test efficacy is measured in days relative to expected missed period (i.e., about 12-17 days after conception 38 ), the number of days post-conception that a test becomes accurate is both difficult to estimate 38 and likely more variable for the ~1/3 of women with irregular or long menstrual cycles 39 . Although OTC testing provides a potentially early indicator, most individuals who seek testing do not do so until weeks after a positive test may be obtained [1][2][3] . For unplanned pregnancies, this delay may be even more prolonged.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feasibility of Continuous Distal Body Temperature for Passive, Early Pregnancy Detection

Grant¹,

Smarr

2021

Preprint

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The majority of American women become aware of pregnancy ~3-7 weeks after conception, and all must seek testing to confirm their pregnant status. The delay between conception and awareness is often a time in which contraindicated behaviors take place. However, there is long standing evidence that passive, early pregnancy detection may be possible using body temperature. To address this possibility, we analyzed 30 individuals’ continuous distal body temperature (DBT) in the 180 days surrounding self-reported conception in comparison to self-reported pregnancy confirmation. Features of DBT nightly maxima changed rapidly following self-reported conception, reaching uniquely elevated values after a median of 5.5 ± 3.5 days, whereas individuals reported a positive pregnancy test result at a median of 14.5 ± 4.2 days. Together, we were able to generate a retrospective, hypothetical alert a median of 9 ± 3.9 days prior to the date at which individuals received a positive pregnancy test. Continuous temperature-derived features can provide early, passive indication of pregnancy onset. We propose these features for testing and refinement in clinical settings, and for exploration in large, diverse cohorts. The development of pregnancy detection using DBT may reduce the delay from conception to awareness and increase the agency of pregnant individuals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of Continuous Distal Body Temperature for Passive, Early Pregnancy Detection

Grant¹,

Smarr

2021

Preprint

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show abstract

“…To the best of our knowledge, only two other papers have examined the causal relationship between pregnancy test access and earlier pregnancy detection. 1 Hochman et al (2012) show that the availability of urine pregnancy tests (UPTs) in military primary care clinics in Israel lowers the mean gestational age of pregnancy detection by 7.4 days earlier pregnancy detection. Stanback et al (2013) find mixed results of the introduction of free pregnancy tests in family-planning clinics on the uptake of contraception in a randomized experiment in Ghana and Zambia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hochman et al. (2012) show that the availability of urine pregnancy tests (UPTs) in military primary care clinics in Israel lowers the mean gestational age of pregnancy detection by 7.4 days earlier pregnancy detection. Stanback et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Women Learn They Are Pregnant? The Introduction of Clinics and Pregnancy Awareness in Nepal

Musse

Thornton

Ghimire

2021

Studies in Family Planning

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The earlier a woman learns about her pregnancy status, the sooner she can make decisions about her own and infant's health. This paper examines how women learn about their pregnancy status and measures how access to pregnancy tests affects earlier pregnancy knowledge. Using  years of individuallevel monthly panel data in Nepal, we find that, on average, women learn they are pregnant in their .th month of pregnancy. Living approximately a mile further from a clinic offering pregnancy tests increases the time a woman knows she is pregnant by one week ( percent increase) and decreases the likelihood of knowing in the first trimester by . percentage points ( percent decrease). Women with prior pregnancies experience the most substantial effects of distance within the first two trimesters, while, for women experiencing their first pregnancy, distance does not affect knowledge. These results suggest that, while access to clinics can increase pregnancy awareness for women who recognize pregnancy symptoms, other complementary policies are needed to increase pregnancy awareness of women in their first pregnancy.  How Do Women Learn They Are Pregnant?1 A vast literature describes how access to pregnancy tests can increase the uptake of services. In our setting, Andersen et al. (2013) show that female community health volunteers in Nepal can use the result of UPTs to refer women to the appropriate services (antenatal care/abortion or contraceptive methods).

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Feasibility of continuous distal body temperature for passive, early pregnancy detection

Grant

Smarr

2022

PLOS Digit Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Most American women become aware of pregnancy ~3–7 weeks after conceptive sex, and all must seek testing to confirm their pregnant status. The delay between conceptive sex and pregnancy awareness is often a time in which contraindicated behaviors take place. However, there is long standing evidence that passive, early pregnancy detection may be possible using body temperature. To address this possibility, we analyzed 30 individuals’ continuous distal body temperature (DBT) in the 180 days surrounding self-reported conceptive sex in comparison to self-reported pregnancy confirmation. Features of DBT nightly maxima changed rapidly following conceptive sex, reaching uniquely elevated values after a median of 5.5 ± 3.5 days, whereas individuals reported a positive pregnancy test result at a median of 14.5 ± 4.2 days. Together, we were able to generate a retrospective, hypothetical alert a median of 9 ± 3.9 days prior to the date at which individuals received a positive pregnancy test. Continuous temperature-derived features can provide early, passive indication of pregnancy onset. We propose these features for testing and refinement in clinical settings, and for exploration in large, diverse cohorts. The development of pregnancy detection using DBT may reduce the delay from conception to awareness and increase the agency of pregnant individuals.

show abstract

Early Pregnancy Confirmation—The Role of Urine Pregnancy Test in Military Primary Care Clinics

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Feasibility of Continuous Distal Body Temperature for Passive, Early Pregnancy Detection

Feasibility of Continuous Distal Body Temperature for Passive, Early Pregnancy Detection

How Do Women Learn They Are Pregnant? The Introduction of Clinics and Pregnancy Awareness in Nepal

Feasibility of continuous distal body temperature for passive, early pregnancy detection

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