Early, Prolonged Separation and Emotional Maladjustment

Evaluating Parental Effects on Child Development

“…Countless studies have documented the impaired language and intellect and disturbed behavior that characterize such children and limit their adult functioning (Bakwin, 1942;Dennis, 1973;Goldfarb, 1945Goldfarb, , 1955Pringle & Bossio, 1960;Provence & Lipton, 1962;Spitz, 1946; see reviews by Ainsworth, 1962;Bowlby, 1951;Ferguson, 1966;Rutter, 1974;Yarrow, 1961). Children growing up in orphanages and residential institutions compose a natural experiment that can offer important information about the effects of child care.…”

Corrective socialization in foster care of children

“…As biological parents ordinarily function to achieve socialization of their children, so foster families are appropriate and capable therapeutic agents for corrective primary socialization. Although the process is difficult and lengthy foster families can master the task [3]. Indeed, they must.…”

Romanian Adoptees and Pre-adoptive Care: A Strengths Perspective

“…Specific risks and difficulties faced by internationally adopted children include delays in emotional, social, and physical development (Bowlby 1951;Dennis 1973;Freud and Burlingham 1973;Kaler and Freeman 1994;Provence and Lipton 1962;Spitz 1945;Tizard and Hodges 1978;Rees 1974, 1975), increased risk for adult psychiatric problems (Frank et al 1996), learning problems (Goldfarb 1943;McGuinness et al 2000) such as poor reading ability (Mapstone 1969;Pringle and Bossio 1960), emotional and behavioral difficulties (Ames 1997;Hoksbergen et al 2005;Rutter and the ERA study team 1998;Rutter et al 1995), and deficits in intellectual functioning (Goldfarb 1943(Goldfarb , 1944(Goldfarb , 1955. However, many children with delays at the time of placement recover from them after a year or more in their adoptive families, and two-thirds completely overcome such difficulties (Bascom and McKelvey 1997;Groza 1997;Jenista 1997;Rutter and the ERA study team 1998).…”